‘,e;j cyfNk fij
nrhy;Yk; E}yfk;’ vd;gh;. ,g;GtpAyfpy; fhZk;
fhl;rpfs; ahtw;iwAk; $h;e;J ftdpj;Jf; fijg; nghUshf Mf;Ftjpy; vOj;jhsh;fspd; jpwd;
kpsph;fpwJ.
fy;fp ,uh.fpU\;z%h;j;jp cyfshtpa mstpy;
Gfo;ngw;w fjhrphpauhfTk;> Kd;dzpg; gj;jphpifahsuhfTk;> ehl;Lg;gw;W kpFe;J
fhe;jpaf; nfhs;iffisf; filg;gpbj;J kf;fs; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifapid cilath;.
Rje;jpu czh;it kf;fspilNa Vw;gLj;jTk;> ngz;fspilNa tpopg;Gzh;T milar;
nra;Ak; tifapy; fy;fp jkJ ehty;fis tbtikj;Js;shh;.
mtuJ gpwg;Gk;>
tho;f;ifapy; epfo;e;j epfo;Tfs; Fwpj;Jk; ,t;tpaypy; Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
“vOj;Jyfpd; mkujhuh”> “vOj;jhsh;fspd;
Kb#lh kd;dh;”> “fypAff; fhtyd;
fy;fp”> “ngz;zpak; gilj;j
ngUe;jif” vdg;ghuhl;lg;ngWk; fy;fp
(9-9-1899) tpfhhp Mz;L Mtzp 25 rdpf;fpoikad;W gpwe;jhh;.
jpiucyfk; Ngl;bapy;> gpwe;j Ciuf; fy;fp Fwpg;gpl;lhh;
vd;gJ cz;ikNa> Mdhy;> mth; Fwpg;gpl;l ngah; kzy;NkL. mJ jtwpy;iyahapDk;
Jy;ypakhdjy;y. gy njUf;fSk;> filfSk;> jghy; epiyaKk; nfhz;l
kzy;Nkl;Lld;> ,uz;L njUf;fs; kl;LNk nfhz;l Gj;jkq;fyk; ,izg;ghdNjahapDk; mJ
miu iky; js;spAs;s jdp Ch;.[i]
jkJ fijfspy; fijf;fsq;fisj; jkJ ghygUtk; epfo;e;j ,lq;fspNyNa mikj;Js;shh;
vd;gJ ,f;Fwpg;gpd; %yk; GydhfpwJ. fy;fpapd; je;ij ,uhkrhkp ma;ahpd; nry;yg;
ngah; ‘nghd;D’. vdNt> ‘nghd;dpapd; Gjy;th;;’ vd;w ngaiuf; fy;fp
ngw;Ws;shh;. ,uhkrhkp ma;ah;
fh;zk; cj;jpNahfj;jpy; fpilj;j gj;J &gha; rk;gsj;jpy;> je;ij Ntjg;g
ma;ahpd; top te;j gj;J Vf;fuh ed;nra;> gj;J Vf;fuh Gd;nra;> epyq;fspy;
topNa te;j tpisr;rypdhy; Fbj;jdk; elj;jp te;jhh;. nghd;Dta;ahpd; Kjy; kidtp xU
kfSld; ,wf;fNt> ,uz;lhtJ kidtpahfj; ijay;ehafpAld; tho;f;if elj;jpdhh;.
thpirapy; ,uz;lhtjha;> xU %j;j rNfhjud;> ,uz;L rNfhjhpfs;> ,uz;L ,isa
rNfhjuh;fs; kj;jpapy; fy;fp tsh;e;jhh;. jikad; ntq;fluhkDld; $l;L topghL nra;a
mtuJ je;ij fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhh;. fy;fpf;F ml;ruhg;gpahrk; nra;J>
mhpr;RtbAk;> fzf;Fk; Rthkpehj ma;ah; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhh;. gpd;dh; vjph;
tPl;Lj; jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lkhd ghz;Luq;fd; gs;spf;$lj;ij Vw;W elj;jpa ma;ahrhkp
ma;ahplk; fy;tp fw;whh;. ~tpisAk; gaph; KisapNyNa njhpAk;~ vd;gjw;Nfw;g
ma;ahrhkp ma;ah; mspj;j gapw;rpapdhy;> fy;fp gd;dpuz;L taJf;Fs;NsNa fbdkhd
jkpo; E}y;fisAk;> gjpide;J taJf;Fs;NsNa fbdkhd Mq;fpy E}y;fisAk; Ghpe;J
nfhs;Sk; Njh;r;rp ngw;W tpl;lhh;.[ii]
fy;fpf;F ,sk;tajpNyNa tpf;lh; `pa+Nfh> mnyf;rhe;jh;
^kh];> ]h;thy;lh; ];fhg;> yhh;;l; tpl;ld;> rhh;y]; bf;fd;];>
tpy;ypak; jhf;fNu> jhk]; `hh;b Nghd;w Mq;fpy vOj;jhsh;fspd; gilg;Gfisg;
gbj;Jg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tKk;> Mw;wYk; ,Ue;jd.[iii]
g+Z}y; tpoh Kbe;j Mwhk; khjk; jfg;gid ,oe;j fy;fpAk;> ntq;fluhkDk; ma;ahrhkp
ma;ah; jk;gjpapdhpd; epoypy; tsh;e;jdh;. fy;fpapd; Mrphpah; ma;ahrhkp ma;ah;
Fwpj;J> jkJ fijfshd ~tp\ke;jpuk~;> ~MAs; ifjp~ Nghd;wtw;wpy; fy;fp
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.[iv]
FLk;g epiyapd;
fhuzkhf rNfhjuh;fspd; gbg;G ,ilapy; epd;wJ. fh;zk; gzpapid mz;zd; ntq;fluhkd;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s> jk;gp fy;fp ,ju cjtpfisr; nra;J te;jhh;. ,r;#o;epiyia tpUk;ghj
Mrphpah; ma;ahr;rhkp ma;ah; rNfhjuh;fs; rkar;nrhw;nghopT nra;J tho;tijj; njhopyhff;
nfhs;syhk; vd;W epidj;jhh;. njhopyhf my;yhky;> ,irf;fr;Nrhp kw;Wk; ehlfk;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; gq;fhw;wpa fy;fp> gpw;fhyj;jpy; rpWfijfs;> ehty;fs;>
fl;Liufs;> ftpijfs; vd vOjpf; Ftpj;jhh;.[v]
gjpNdohk; tajpy; jpUr;rp rpj;jp tPl;by; ,Ue;J nfhz;L `pe;J nrfz;lhp gs;spapy;
jdJ gbg;igj; njhlh;e;jhh;. uq;frhkp ma;ahpd; rpghhprpdhYk;> fy;fp ngw;wpUe;j
cahpa kjpg;ngz;fspdhYk; Njrpag; gs;spapy; ,ize;jhh;. Mwhk; gbt ,Wjpj;Njh;Tf;F
%d;W khjq;fSf;F Kd;dNu> 1921 rdthp khjf;filrpapy;> kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd;
xj;Jioahik miw$tYf;F ,zq;f ntspNawpdhh;. xj;Jioahikj; jpl;lj;ij mwpe;jjpypUe;J
fy;fpAk;> mtuJ ez;gh; Kj;Jf;fpUl;bzDk; gbg;ig epWj;jhky; ,Ug;gJ Fwpj;J
tpthjpj;Jf; nfhs;th;. lhf;lh;.b.v];.nrse;juuhrdpd; ehl;Lg;gw;W kpFe;j
nrhw;nghoptpdhYk;> fl;LiufspdhYk; fy;fp jdJ gbg;igj; njhlu Kbahj epiy
Vw;gl;lJ. Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; ,ize;j fy;fpapd; Kbitf; FLk;gj;jth; Vw;f
kWj;jhYk;> rNfhjuUila ehl;Lg;gw;wpdhy; fy;fp jkJ Njr njhz;bidj;
njhlh;e;jhh;.
1.2 gzpmDgtk;
nghpNahhplk; fw;w gzpTk;> gpwUila
cah;e;j Fzq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp tho;jiyAk; Fwpf;Nfhsha;f; nfhz;l fy;fpiag; gbf;Fk;
fhyj;jpy; fhe;jpar; rpe;jidfs; kpfTk; fth;e;jd.
1923Mk; tUl Muk;gj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;Lf;
fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bapd; fhhpajhprpahd
v];.,uhkehjd;; mtUf;F Kg;gJ &gha; rk;gsj;jpy; Fkh];jh Ntiy
mspj;jhh;. mNj Mz;by; rpwpJ fhyk; fjh; Nghh;by; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
nrd;idf;Fr;
nry;;;;tjw;fhd ,uapypy; %d;whk; tFg;gpy; gazpf;Fk;; NghJ fy;fp ,uhrhrpiar;
re;jpj;jhh;. ‘tpNkhrdk;’ vd;w gj;jphpif
njhlq;fg; Nghtjhff; $wpa ,uhrhrpaplk; gzpahw;w Mir nfhz;bUe;jhh; fy;fp.
“fjh; Nghh;by;
ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j Ntiyia tpl;L tpl;Nld;. nrd;idapy; etrf;jp gj;jphpiff;F
cjtp Mrphpauhfg; NghfpNwd;.”[vi] vd;W fy;fp
Fwpg;gpLtjpypUe;J etrf;jpapy; gzpahw;Wtjw;F Kd; fjh; Nghh;by; gzpahw;wpaJ njhpa
tUfpwJ. mtuJ Jz;lwpf;iffisg; gbj;j lhf;lh;.
b.v];.v];.uhrd; ‘gj;jphpifj; njhopypy; eP Kd;Df;F tUtha;’ vd;W $wpj; jpU.tp.f.tpd; etrf;jpapy; NrUkhW $w mt;thNw
fy;fp> jk;ik etrf;jp ,jopy; 20.10.1923y; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.[vii]
jd;dk;gpf;ifAlDk;>
tplhKaw;rpAlDk; etrf;jpapd; Nritapy; fy;fp <Lgl;lhh;. jpU.tp.f. mth;fs;
fy;fpaplk; rNfhju thQ;ir nfhz;bUe;jhh;. etrf;jpapy; gzpahw;wpa NghJ
Rg;gpukzparpth cs;spl;l jiyth;fisr; re;jpf;Fk; NgW fy;fpf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. 1924
Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh;11Mk; Njjp
Rg;gpukzparpthtpd; Kaw;rpapdhy; jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy;> NjrPa
cah;epiyg;gs;sp mike;Js;s njd;de;Njhg;gpy;> ghujp epidT ehisnahl;b fy;fp
ghujpapd; ghl;Lfisg; ghbdhh;.[viii]
~etrf;jp~
gj;jphpifapy;> mjd; cjtp Mrphpauhff; fy;fp> ~mf];jpah;~> ~jkpo;j;NjdP~
vd;w Gid ngahpy; vOjpf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ‘Ch; tk;G’ gFjpapy; ~jkpo;j; NjdP~ ngahpy; vOjpdhh;. ,uhrhrpAld; nfhz;l njhlh;gpdhy; tpLjiy
,af;fj;jpy; NruTk;> fhe;jpaf; nfhs;iffspy; fUj;J}d;wpr; nrayhw;wTk; top
tFj;jJ.
gpd;dh; ,uhrhrp
njhlq;fpa Mrpukj;jpNyNa ~tpNkhrdk~; gj;jphpifapy; vOjp te;jhh;. ~tpNkhrdk;’ gj;jphpifapy; ~uh.fp’ ngahpYk;> ~fh;ehlfk;’ ngahpYk; njhlh;e;J vOjpdhh;. Mde;jtpfld;
gj;jphpif Mrphpah; v];.v];.thrd; fy;fpia ‘NyhNfhgfhhp’ gj;jphpif elj;jpa guyp.R.ney;iyag;gUld; 1928Mk; tU\k; #iy
khjk; re;jpj;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.[ix]
‘Vl;bf;Fg; Nghl;b’ fl;Liuapy; Kjd;Kjyhff; ~fy;fp’ vd;w Gidngaiur; #l;bf;nfhz;lhh;>[x] “tprajhdk; nra;gth;fSf;Fj; jf;f rd;khdk; mspj;jiy Kjd; Kjypy;
Kiwahff; iff;nfhz;lJ jkpo;g; gj;jphpiffSs; Mde;jtpfld; jhd;” vd;W fy;fp Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. fpUl;bz%h;;j;jpapd; FU
fy;ahzRe;judhh; ngahpYs;s ‘fy;’ vd;gijAk;> ,tuJ ngahpd; KjnyOj;jhd ‘fp’ ,izj;J fy;fp vdf; nfhs;syhk; vdTk;> mtuJ kidtpapd;
ngahpYs;s vOj;Jfis ,izj;J itj;jpUf;fyhk; vdTk;> fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rpiar;
Nrh;e;jtuhf ,Uf;fyhk; vdTk; gy kOg;gy; gjpiyf;$wpa fy;fp ,Wjpapy;> “jpUkhypd; gj;J mtjhuq;fspy; filrp mtjhukhd fy;fpiag;
Gidngauhff; nfhz;Nld; vd;w fy;fpapd; Ngr;R Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf cs;sJ.[xi]
tpNkhrdk;
gj;jphpif epd;W Nghdjhy; Mde;jtpfldpy; nka;ahrphpauhf 1931Mk; Mz;bypUe;J
gzpahw;wpdhh;. Mde;jtpfldpy; gzpahw;Wk;
fhyj;jpy; mth; vOjpa rpWfijfs; fl;Liufs; mth; ifg;gl tiue;j Ngdhr;rpj;jpuk; Kjypad
thrfh; neQ;rpy; ePq;fh,lk; gpbj;jd. Nghl;bfs; elj;jpg;
ghpRfs; kf;fSf;F toq;Fk; Kiwapy; gj;jphpif elj;JtJ jtwhd nray; vd;gijf; fy;fp
ed;fwpe;jpUe;jhh;. Mde;jtpfldpy; fy;fp ,ize;jpUe;j rkaj;jpy; Nghl;bfSf;fhd
njhif kpfTk; rpwpa mstpy; mspf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. mJ kpifahfNt fy;fpf;F kdtUj;jk;
Vw;gl;L> Mde;jtpfld; Mrphpah; jpU.v];.v];.thrdplk; tpyfpf; nfhs;tjhff;
$wpdhh;;. mth; fy;fpf;Fg; GJ gj;jphpif Muk;gpj;Jj; jUtjhff; $wNt> fy;fp
njhlh;e;J gzpahw;wpdhh;.
1.3 rpiwthrk;
fhe;jpapd; nfhs;iffs; kPJ <LghL nfhz;L
Njrg;gw;W kpFe;J gs;spia tpl;L ntspNawp fjh;g;gpurhuj;jpy; fy;fp <Lgl;lhh;.
f&hpy; jil nra;ag;gl;l $l;lj;jpy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; gw;wpg; Ngrpajw;fhff;
ifJ nra;ag;;gl;Lr;; rpiwj;jz;lidAk; mile;jhh;. 1922Mk; Mz;by; nghJf;$l;lj;jpy;
Ngrpajd; gydhf xU tUlf; fLq;fhty; jz;lid mDgtpf;f Neh;;e;jJ. rpiwapy; jdf;F
Vw;gl;l mDgtj;ijf; ~fs;tdpd; fhjyp’ ehtypy; Kj;ijad;
rpiwthrj;Jld; ,izj;jhh;. ~rhuijapd; je;jpuk;’ fijj; njhFg;gpy; ‘ek;gh; 888’ rpWfijapYk;
rpiwthr mDgtj;ij ,izj;jhh;. rpiwapy; ,Ue;j fy;fpiar; re;jpf;f te;j mtuJ
jhahUk;> rpj;jpAk; tUj;jkile;jdh;. 1922> 1930> 1940 Mfpa 3 Mz;Lfspy;
KiwNa Xuhz;L> MW khjk;> %d;W khjk; rpiw thrk; mDgtpj;jhh;.
1.4 ,y;yw tho;f;if
jd;idf; Nfl;fhky;;; jpUkzk; epr;rak;
nra;jjhff; jikadplk; nfhz;l Nfhgk; jpU.tp.f.tpdhy; kdkhw;wk; ngw;wtuha; khh;r; 1924 Mk; Mz;L ,y;ywj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. gpd;ehl;fspy; fy;fpapd;
kidtpapd; ngah; fy;ahzp vd;Wk;> mjdhy; me;jj; jk;gjpahpd; ngah;fis ,izj;J ‘fy;fp’ vd;w Gidngah; cUthdJ
vd;Wk; thrfh;fshy; ek;gg;gl;lJ. fpU\;z%h;j;jp – Uf;kzp vd;w
ngah;g; nghUj;jk; mghukhf ,Ue;jjhy; [hjfk; $lg; ghh;f;ftpy;iy. khatuj;jpypUe;J
gj;J iky; J}uj;jpy; cs;s jiya+H vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;j Uf;kzpf;F %y
el;rj;jpuj;jpuk; vd;gjhy; ngw;NwhH mtUf;F [hjfNk vOjtpy;iy. gpd;dhspy; [hjfk;
Nfl;ltHfSf;F> “,tNshl
[hjfk; vOjhk tpl;Lg; Nghr;R" vd;W nrhy;yp %y el;rj;jpu nefbt; ghapz;ilr; rkhspj;jhHfs;(www.tamilpaper.net). ngz;izg;
gs;spf;$lj;Jf;Fk; mDg;gtpy;iy.
jpUkz epfo;r;rpfs; jpahfg+kpapYk;>
miyXirapYk; Fwpg;gpl;lthW kpfTk; Mlk;gukhf ,y;iynad;whYk; rpwg;ghfNt eilngw;wJ.[xii]
jpUkz epfo;tpy; fy;fp fjuhil mzpe;jpUe;jhh;. ,J mtUf;Ff; ‘fjh; khg;gps;is’ vdj; jpUkzj;jpy;
mtUf;Fg; Gidngauhapw;W. jpUkzk; Kbe;J xU tUlk; fope;jgpd; nrd;id khk;gyk;
Vhpf;fiuj; njUtpy; mth;fs; ,y;yw tho;itj; njhlh;e;jdh;. ,dpa ,y;ywj;jpd;
tpisthf fy;fpf;F Kjy; Mz;Foe;ij gpwe;J ,we;jJ (1932). mjw;Fg;gpd;
Mde;jp (8-04-1933) vd;w
ngz;Zk;> ,uhN[e;jpud;(1935) vd;w MZk; gpwe;jdh;.
1.5 ,jopay;
cj;jpfs;
Neubahf tpspj;Jr;
nra;jpfisf; $Wk; cj;jpahy; thrfh;fisf; fth;e;J ,Oj;jhh; fy;fp. “jdf;F Kd;dhypUe;J nrhy;tJ Nghd;w ,e;j cj;jp thrfid ntF
vspjpy; me;j cyfj;jpy; gpbj;Jj; js;sp tpLk;. mjw;Fg;gpd; vOj;Jfs;
fhl;rpfshtijj; jtpu NtW topapy;iy” vd;Dk; ,uh.jz;lhAjj;jpd; $w;W ,tz; epidT$uj;jf;fjhFk;.[xiii]
thrfh; vij tpUk;Gfpwhh;> vjpy;
Mh;tk; fhl;Lfpwhh; vd;gij thr;lhf; khjphp xU Mrphpah; ftdpj;J tu Ntz;Lk;.
ve;jg; gj;jphpifapy; vd;d khWjy;fisg; GFj;jp ek; thrfiuf; ftu Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf;
fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ek; thrfh; tl;lj;jpw;Fs; te;jth; ahh;? vijg; Nghl;lhy;
mth;fis ,Oj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;[xiv]
vd;nwy;yhk; rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gl;lth; fy;fp.
,jo;fs; vOj;Jg;gpio> ,yf;fzg;gpioapd;wp ntsptuNtz;Lk;
vd;gjpy; fy;fp kpff; ftdkhf ,Ue;jjid mtUld; gzpahw;wpa Jizahrphpah;fspd;
$w;wpdhy; mwpayhk;. “ehq;fs; ,uz;L Ngh; jpUj;jp Kbj;j vl;Lg;gf;fj;ij mthplk;
nfhLg;Nghk;. Ngrpf;nfhz;Nl gf;fq;fisg; Gul;b ehq;fs; tpl;L tpl;l %d;W vOj;Jg;
gpiofisj; jpUj;jpf; nfhLg;ghh;. ,J Ie;J epkp\j;jpy; elf;Fk;. mjd;gpwF me;j
vl;Lg;gf;fq;fspy; NtnwhU gpioANk ,uhJ”[xv] vd;fpd;wdh;.
1.5.1.1 fy;fp ,jo; njhlf;fk;
1941 Mf];l; Kjy; Njjp Kjy; fy;fp jdJ ez;gh; rjhrptj;jpd;
cjtpahy;> fy;fp ,jioj;njhlq;fpdhh;. khjk; ,UKiw ntsptuj; njhlq;fpa fy;fp
khjk; Kk;KiwahfTk;> 33Mk; khj;jpypUe;J mjhtJ 1944 Vg;uypypUe;J thuk;
xUKiwahfTk; ntsptuyhapw;W. khjk; ,UKiw ntspte;j fy;fp thuk; ,UKiw ntspaPlhfj;
Jizf;fy;fp xd;W Nk 22Mk; NjjpapypUe;J rpW nra;jpj;jhs; tbtpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
Mf];L nfhe;jspg;gpid xl;b Jizf;fy;fpapy; ntspahfpf; nfhz;bUe;j kFlgjp gpujhd
fy;fpapy; ,lk; ngwyhapw;W. fy;fp fhyj;jpa ,jo;fs; ‘tUl mDge;jq;fs;’ vd;w xd;iw
ntspapl;Ls;sd. Mdhy;> fy;fp mtw;wpw;Fg; gjpy; ‘jPghtsp kyh;’ vd;w GJ mikg;ig
cUthf;fpdhh;. nghd;dpapd; nry;td;;
ntspahd NghJ 71 Mapuk; gpujpfs; vd;w vz;zpf;ifapy; fy;fp ,jo; ntspahfp te;jJ.
xd;wpidg;gw;wp
tpkhprdk; nra;tjw;F Kjypy; xd;iw ed;whf urpf;fj; njhpe;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
gpd; eL epiyikNahL Fw;wk;> Fiwfisr; rpwg;ghf vLj;jpak;Gk; jpwDk;>
vjph;thjk; tUk;NghJ rkhspf;Fk; ijhpaKk; mtrpak;. ,it midj;Jk; xUq;Nf mikag;
ngw;wth; fy;fp.Mde;jp mtu; vOj;jpy; Fiw fz;L tpku;rpj;j NtW jUzq;fSk; cz;L.nghd;dpapd;nry;td;
ehtypy; te;jpaj;Njtd;> gy;yf;fpy; nry;Yk; ee;jpdpia Kjd;Kjyhr; re;jpf;Fk;
fhl;rp> mnyf;rhz;lu; Lkh]; vOjpa ~j;uPk];fpBu;]~; ehtypy; tUk; xU fhl;rp
NghyNt mike;jpUg;gjhf mtu; nrhd;dijf; fy;fp xU jhu;kPfj; JzpTld;Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.,j;jpwikfs;midj;Jk;
mikag;ngw;wikahy; fy;fp jkJ ,jioj; jpwk;gl elj;jpdhh;. fy;fpapd; kfd; jpU.,uhN[e;jpud;
gp/ghh;k; fw;Wj;Njh;e;J> je;ijapd; kiwTf;Fg;gpd; fy;fp ,jio elj;jpdhh;.
jw;NghJ mtuJ kfs; rPjhutp fy;fp ,jio elj;jp tUfpwhh;. fy;fp ,jo; thuk; xU Kiw
jw;rkak; ntsptUfpwJ.
1.5.1.2 jiyaq;fk;
fy;fp jk; jiyaq;fq;fs; gytw;wpy;
rphpg;gpw;Fr; rpwg;gplk; mspj;jhh;. rphpg;gpd; %yk; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;b>
rPh;jpUj;j vz;zq;fisg; ghuhl;bdhh;. ~cUttopghL %l ek;gpf;ifad;W. kdpj ,ay;Gf;F
Vw;GilaJNt’ vd;gJ fhe;jpabfspd; rpe;jid.
fy;fpapd; jiyaq;fKk; gps;isahh; topghL Fwpj;J mt;thNw mike;jJ.[xvi]
rhd;Nwhh;fspd; kiwtpd; NghJ>
mth;fspd; nray;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jiyaq;fk; vOjpdhh;. rhd;whf> c.Nt.rh. ,we;j
NghJ ‘tPo;e;j
Mykuk;’
vd;Wk;> f];J}hpgh kiwtpd; NghJ ~nja;tkhdhh;’ vd;Wk;> b.Nf.rpapd; gphptpid ~vd;Wk; ,Ug;ghh;’> ~,jaj;jpy; xypg;ghh;’ vd;Wk;> mz;zhkiyr; nrl;bahh; kiwe;j nghOJ ~kiy kiwe;jJ’ vd;Wk;> ,ukzh; ,we;j nghOJ ‘N[hjpapy; fye;jhh;’ vd;Wk;> gNlypd; ,wg;gpd; NghJ – ~ehL ntwpr;NrhbaJ’ vd;Wk;> gp.A.rpd;dg;gh ,we;j nghOJ ~thdk; ,Uz;lJ’ vd;Wk; vOjpdhh;. ,jd;%yk; kf;fspilNa jhDk; thrfNdhL
thrfdha; cwthLk; mstpw;Fj; jiyaq;fk; vOJtJ fy;fpf;Ff; if te;j fiyahf ,Ue;J
te;Js;sJ Fwpj;J mwpa ,aYfpwJ.
1.6 ehty; gpwe;j
fij
fy;fp rpiwapy;
,Ue;jNghJ fLq;fhtYf;F cz;lhd Ntiyfisr; nra;jJ Nghf vQ;rpa Neuj;jpy; ~tpkyh’ vd;w FWehty;
vOjpdhh;.mjid t.uh ~Rje;jpud;’ vd;w jkJ
gj;jphpifapy; njhlh;fijahf ntspapl;lhh; (1922);. fy;fpapd; Kjy; ehty; ‘tpkyh’it ntspapl;L mtiu vOj;jhsuhf Kjd;Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ngUik
t.uh.Tf;FhpaJ. fy;fpapd; Ratuyhw;W
ehty; vd;gJ jtpu me;ehtypd; xU gFjp $lf; fpilf;ftpy;iy. fy;fpapd; gilg;Gfspy;
ngz;fs; mjpfk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdh;. fy;fpapd;
gilg;Gfs; rpy mtuJ nrhe;j tho;f;ifapd; ntspg;ghLfs; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vidad
mth; Nfl;lwpe;Jk;> fz;lwpe;j fhl;rpfs; vd Cfpj;jw;F ,lKz;L.
1.6.1 fij
njhlf;fKk>; KbTk;
jkpo;g;
gj;jphpiffSf;Fj; jkpo; ehl;bNyNa kjpg;gpy;yhky; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;
jkpo;g;gj;jphpifapid cyfpy; xU ngUk; GJikia cz;L gz;zpath; fy;fp. xNu Nghf;fpy;
Ngha;f; nfhz;bUe;j jkpo;g;gj;jphpif cyfpy; xU GJj;jpUg;gq; nfhLj;J 27 Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;Ng gy E}jd mk;rq;fisAk; GFj;jp thrfh;fis tpUk;gpg; gbf;fr; nra;jth; fy;fp
vd;fpwhh; ehuz. Jiuf;fz;zd;.[xvii]
fij
njhlf;fKk;> KbTk; fy;fpapd; eilapy; th;zid epiwe;J fhzg;gLk;. gbg;gthpd;
cs;sj;ij <h;f;Fk; tifapy; tpWtpWg;ghd fhl;rpfs;> vz;zj;ijj; njspthf;Fk;
mwpthh;e;j fUj;Jfs;> ehl;Lg;gw;iw cz;lhf;Fk; nrhy;yhl;rpfs;> fijapd; KbT
Fwpj;J MtYzh;itj; J}z;Lk; fijapd; tsh;r;rp epiy ,tw;iwf; nfhz;L fy;fpapd; ehty;fs;mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,ay;ghd ciueilfs;
fijapd; Nghf;fpid khw;Wk; ty;yik ngw;wit. ,it ,ay;ghf xU kdpjd; eilKiwapy;
NgRk; thh;j;ijfshfTk;> mNj Neuj;jpy; jkpo;r;Rit khWglhj jd;ikAld;
gad;gLj;jpf; fijapid Nkd;NkYk; gbf;fj; J}z;Lk; Mtiyj; J}z;b ,ilapilNa
Guhzf;fijfspd; rpW epfo;Tfs;> gonkhopfs; ,tw;iw ,ay;gha; mikj;J ,ilapilNa
thrfNuhLk; NgRk; vspa eilapy; fy;fp mikj;Js;s tpjk; rpwg;ghdJ.
“Nfhy;l;
];kpj;jpd; ‘tpf;fhh;
M/g; Ntf;/gPy;L’>
bf;nfd;rpd; ‘gpf;dpf;
Ngg;gh;];’
Kjypa Mq;fpyg; Gj;jfq;fisg; gbj;Jr; rphpj;Jg; gpwF jkpopy; xU fijiag; gbj;Jr;
rphpf;f KbAk; vd;W ehd; vjph;ghh;f;ftpy;iy”[xviii] vd;W Jkpyd; fy;fpapd; eifr;Rit eilia tpae;jhh;.
fy;fp mth;fspd;
Ngdh eilf;Fk;> mtuJ ghj eilf;Fk; xU njhlh;G cz;L. VjhtJ xd;W vOJtjw;F Kd;G
tisa tisa elg;gJ mtuJ tof;fk;. mtuJ
,e;jr; rpe;jid eilia ~GDFg; g+idapd; eil~ vd;W ehujh; rPdpthrd; $wpapUf;fpwhh;.[xix]
xt;nthU fij KbtpYk; xU mwf;fUj;J ntspg;gLk; #o;epiyapy; jpwk;glf; fij eilapid
mikj;J ehtYyif ntw;wpf;fskhf khw;wpf; nfhz;lth; fy;fp vd;gJ mwpa ,aYfpwJ.
1.6.2 Nehf;F
epiyAk;> fij $W KiwAk;
fy;fp
jk;Kila ehty;fs; midj;jpYk; fij nrhy;gtuhf
1. mtNu
epd;W fij $Wjy;>
2. xU
khe;jUld; njhlf;fepiy ciuahly; xd;iw
epfo;j;jpagpd;> mtNu fij $Wjy;>
3. ,UNtW
fijfis mth; gpd;dpg;gpize;J mUfUNf ,iaj;Jf; $Wjy;>
4. rpy
khe;jh;fs; jhq;fNs fijfisj; jd;ikapy; $Wjy; Mfpa ehd;F Kiwfisj;
Njh;e;njLj;Js;shh;.
At times, he leaves his characters at a critical
juncture and diverts the reader's mind for some time. cr;repiyf;fhl;rpfspy;
khe;jh;fis mg;gbNatpl;L tpl;L NtnwhU nra;jpf;Fg; Nghtjpy; fy;fpf;F kpf;f
<LghL cz;L (www.tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/kalki.htm).
“fUg;nghUs;> fij nrhy;Yk; cj;jp> fijkhe;jh; gilg;G Mfpa
%d;W mk;rq;fSNk ehtyhrphpah;fspd; itg;G KiwiaAk; vOJk; jpwikAk; cUthf;f
cjTfpd;wd. me;jkl;NlhL epd;Wtplhky;> ehtyhrphpah; jkf;nfd xU eil mikj;Jf; nfhz;L
Nkw;nrhd;d mk;rq;fisf; ifahz;lhy;> mtUila ehty;fSf;F xU jdpj;jd;ik
fpilg;gNjhL> mtuJ gilg;GfisAk; thrfh;fs; rpwg;ghf ,dq;fz;L nfhs;s tha;g;G
fpilf;fpwJ”
[xx]
vd;ghh; rptj;jk;gp. ,j;jifa epiyapy; fy;fp jkJ ehty;fisg;
gilj;Js;sik GydhfpwJ.
1.6.3 fij khe;jh;
“khe;jh; xUthpd;
jhf;fk; kw;nwhUthplKk; cs;s ,ay;igf; fy;fpapd; midj;Jg; gilg;GfspYk;>
khe;jh; cUthf;Fk; jdpahd KiwfSs; xd;whfj; njhlh;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ” vdf; fy;fpapd;
ghj;jpug;gilg;Gg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; lhf;lh;.,uh.jz;lhAjk;. ehty;fspy;
m.fijf;fU> M.fij khe;jh;> ,.fijg;gpd;dy;> <.fijg;gpd;dzp vd ehd;F
$Wfs; nghJthf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.[xxi]
xU ghj;jpuj;jpd; jd;ikia
1. Gwj;Njhw;wk;
2. mirT> eil>
gof;fk;
3. Ngr;R
4. jdf;Fj; jhNd ele;J
nfhs;Sk; Kiw
5. Vida ghj;jpuq;fs;
,jDld; ele;J nfhs;Sk; Kiw
6. Rw;Wg;Gwr; #o;epiy
7. ghj;jpuq;fspd;
fle;jfhy tho;T
8. ghj;jpuq;fspd;
ngauikjp
,itNa ghj;jpu
cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLfpw kuGtopahd cj;jpfs;[xxii];
vd;fpwhh; kh.,uhkypq;fk;. ‘ey;y ehty;fspd;
mbg;gilNa ghj;jpug;gilg;G jhd; Ntnwhd;Wky;y’ vd;fpwhh;
mh;dhy;L ngd;dl;. ‘vy;yh ehty;fSk; ghj;jpuq;fSld;
njhlh;G nfhz;lit kl;Lky;y mtw;iw czh;j;JtNj mtw;wpd; Ntiy’ vd;fpwhh;
th;[Pdpah cy;/g;.[xxiii];
gilg;ghsd;;;;; xU jhahf khwpNa ghj;jpuq;fis <d;W Gwe;jUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gilg;Gj;njhopy; epfo;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; me;j tpdhbfspy;> mg;ghj;jpuj;NjhL
fye;J xd;wp tpl Ntz;Lk;.[xxiv]
xU ehtYf;F KJnfYk;ghf ,Ug;gJ ghj;jpug;gilg;Ng vd;gJ ,jd; %yk; njhpatUfpwJ. xU
ehty; gilg;ghsd; ghj;jpug;gilg;gpy; kpFe;j ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. kpfr; rpwe;j
ehty;fspy; tUk; ghj;jpuq;fs; ek; fz;Kd; elkhLk; kdpjh;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
kh.,uhkypq;fk; jdJ ehty; ,yf;fpak; vd;w E}ypy;> “cyfj;jpYs;s
jiyrpwe;j ehty;fis vy;yhk; ehk; epidf;fpw NghJ Kjypy; epidTf;F tUtJ me;ehtypd;
fUNth> fijg;gpd;dNyh> gpwNth my;y@ fij khe;jh;fNs. lhy;];lhapd;
md;dhTk;> gpshl;gh;bd; gthhpAk;> jh$hpd; NfhuhTk;> jfopapd;
fUj;jk;khTk;> fy;fpapd; rptfhkpAk; ,g;NghJ epidj;jhYk; $l ek; vjpNu epw;gJ
Nghd;w gpuik cz;lhfpwJ” vd;W $Wtijf;
fhZk; NghJ ehtypy; ,lk; ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fs; jhd; ehtypd; caph; ehb vdj;njhpfpwJ.
1.6.3.1 khe;jh;fis
ntspg;gLj;Jk; ghq;F
mtuth;fspd; nrhe;jg; Ngr;Rf;fshYk>;
nray;fshYk; fy;;;;fpapd; midj;J khe;jh;fSk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. fy;fp fij
khe;jh;fspd; Njh;e;njLj;j Mil tUzidfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;@ jdpj;jd;ikfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;;. ,it ahTk; khe;jhpd; ,ay;igf; fhl;lj; Jiz nra;fpd;wd. ‘miyXir’ rPjhTk; ‘jpahfg+kp’ rhtpj;jphpAk;
fy;fpapd; ngz; khe;jh;fSs; rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;. Njh;e;njLj;j
nrhw;fs;> njspthd Ngr;R> th;zid vdj; Njitahd ,lj;jpy; fy;fp
gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.
1.6.3.1.1 th;zid
fy;fpapd; th;zidj;
jpwikiag; gw;wp> “jkpo; ehtypd;
Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;” vd;w jkJ E}ypy;
fp.th.[fe;ehjd; vOJifapy;> “miyXirapd;
ghfk;-4> mj;jpahak; 33> 34y; mike;j th;zidiag; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ fy;fpNa
jz;zPhpy; %o;fptpl;l mDgtj;ij mile;jpUg;ghh; vd;W vdf;Fj; Njhd;WfpwJ” vd;fpwhh;. ,aw;ifiaf;
fijNahL ,izj;J thrfh;fisf; fij elf;Fk; fhyfl;lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W tpLk;
mstpw;F th;zidia mikf;Fk; jpwd; gilj;jth; fy;fp vd;gJ mwpa ,aYfpwJ.
1.7 rpWfijfs;
fy;fpapd; rpWfijfs;
ngUk;ghYk; ehl;Lg;gw;Wk;> ehl;Lf;F Mf;fk; Njba ey;y fUj;JfSk; epiwe;J
fhzg;gl;lJ. fy;fp jkpo;r;rpWfij
muq;fpy;> ‘rhuijapd;
je;jpuk;’
vd;w rpWfijj; njhFg;gpd; Kjy; gjpg;ig fy;fp 1931Mk; Mz;L jhNk nrhe;jr; nrytpy;
ntspapl;lhh;. ,f;fijfs; midj;Jk; etrf;jpapy; ntspahdit. ,e;E}y; ,uhrhrpapd;
Kd;Diuiag; ngw;W te;Js;sJ. 1937Mk; Mz;L ~fizahopapd; fdT’ vd;w kw;nwhU njhFjp ntspahapw;W. (14 rpWfijfis cs;slf;fpaJ)
fy;fp jPghtsp kyhpy; ntspte;j rpWfijfs; ‘tPiz gthdp’ (10 rpWfijfis cs;slf;fpait)
vd;w rpWfijj; njhFg;ghf ntspte;Js;sd. ngz; fhjy; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk;
epiyiaf; fy;fp tuNtw;wpUe;jhYk;> ngw;Nwhiu vjph;j;J tPl;il tpl;L ntspNaWk;
ngz;fspd; epiyia tuNtw;ftpy;iy vd;gij ~vd; nja;tk;~ rpWfij fhl;LfpwJ.
ngz;zhdts; chpik epiwe;jts;@ Mdhy;> ngw;NwhUf;Fk; fl;Lg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
nfhs;ifAld; fy;fp mikj;jpUg;gJ rpwg;ghdJ.
‘tPiz gthdp’ rpWfij Mzhjpf;fj;jpd; ntspg;ghlha; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ngz;zpd; tpjitf;Nfhyj;ijf; fhz tpUk;Gk; Mz; th;f;fj;jpd; cr;repiyf; Nfhgj;ijAk;>
re;Njfj;jpidAk; ,Wjpf;fr;Nrhpf;Fr; nry;Yk; Njtjhrp Fyj;jpy; gpwe;j gthdpapd;
Kd; epWj;JfpwJ. fztdpy;yhky; caph; tho;e;J fhl;Lk; kdkpd;wp> ,we;JNghFk; xU
ruhrhpg; ngz;zhfg; gthdpiag; gilj;jpUg;gJ fy;fpapd; ngz;zpa ntspg;ghlhff; fUj
,aytpy;iy.
1. fizahopapd; fdT
2. ,oe;j Nfhl;il
3. tPiz gthdp
4. xw;iw Nuh[h
5. khlj;Njtd; Rid
6. rhuijapd; je;jpuk;
7. kapiyf;fhis
8. mku tho;T
9. kapy;tpop khd;
Kjypa xd;gJ rpWfijj; njhFjpfisf; fy;fp gilj;Js;shh;.[xxv]
tPiz gthdpapy; Njtjhrpf;
Fyk; mope;J tplNtz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy; gthdp ghj;jpuk; ,wf;Fk;gb
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdf; fUJtjw;F ,lKz;L. fy;fp ngz;fis tho;f;ifapy; Mizr; rhh;e;J
thOk; mbg;gil epiyapy; itj;Jj; jkJ gilg;Gfis mikj;Js;shh;. Mdhy;>
ngz;zpw;Fhpa ,ay;ghd chpikfs;> flikfs; ,tw;iw mth; mspf;fj; jaq;ftpy;iy
vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.
‘rhuijapd; je;jpuk;’ Kjw;gjpg;G gpujp fpilj;j nra;jpapd;[xxvi]
%yk; fy;fpapd; tuyhW vOj cjtp Ghpe;jth;fisf; Fwpj;J mwpa ,aYfpwJ.
fy;fpapd;
rpWfijfs; mlq;fpa ~xw;iw Nuh[h~ vd;w rpWfijj; njhFg;gpy; ‘jPg;gpbj;j Fbirfs;’> ‘GJ Xth;rPah;’> ‘t];jhJ NtZ’ Nghd;w rpWfijfs; epahaj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;gl;lit.
jkpo;r; rpWfijf;fhd ghijia cUthf;fpath; fy;fp fpUl;bz%h;j;jp. fy;fp jkJ
rpWfijfspy; ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifia ikag;gLj;jp> mth;fspd; tho;f;ifg;
Nghf;FfisAk;> rpf;fy;fisAk; vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;. ‘etrf;jp’apy; gj;J fijfs; vOjpdhh;. ‘tpNkhrd’j;jpy; fy;fp MW fijfs; vOjpdhh;. tpNkhrdk;
,jo;fspy; nja;tahid> rpd;dj;jk;gpAk; jpUlh;fSk;> mu#h;g;gQ;rhaj;J> ~Nfhtpe;jDk;
tPug;gDk~;> ~fth;dh; tz;b~> ~tpJ}\fd; rpd;d Kjyp~ Nghd;w rpWfijfs; ntsp
te;jd. ‘fizahopapd;
fdT’(3
rpWfijfs;) kzpf;nfhb ,jopy; ntspahdJ. ~ifjpapd; gpuhh;j;jid’> ‘itu Nkhjpuk;’ Nghd;w rpWfijfspy; ngz;fs; Mltidf; fz;lJk;
fhjy;trg;gLgth;fshfg; gilj;Js;shh;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ngz;fis kdtypik cs;sth;fshfg;
gilj;J mf;fhjyidNa ifg;gpbf;Fk; top fz;lth;fshfj; jkpo;g;gz;ghl;bd; epiyapy;
mikj;Js;sijf; fhz ,aYfpwJ. ~fhe;jpkjpapd; fhjyd;’ rpWfij rw;W khWgl;l ngz;zpd; kd NtWghl;bidg;
gpujpgypf;fpwJ. ngz;zpw;F ,Uf;fNtz;ba Fzkhd kdr; rQ;rykpd;ik ,f;fijapd;
ghj;jpukhd ehafpf;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy;> jpUkzkhfp gpd;Dk;> thhpir
tapw;wpy; Rkg;gJ njhpahky; gioa fhjyDld; nrd;W tpLk; ,opepiyapidf; fy;fp
fhl;Lfpwhh;. fztdpd; thhpir;Rkg;gJ njhpe;Jk;> fztdplk; te;J Nrh;tJ Nghy;
fijapidf; fy;fp mikj;Js;shh;. fw;G gw;wpg; gyUk; $wpa fUj;Jf;fs; gy
,Ug;gpDk;> fy;fp fztDf;F cz;ikahf thOk; epiyapidf; fw;G vd;W mikj;Js;sJ
GydhfpwJ. kdjpdhy; xUtDf;Fk;> ,y;yw tho;tpdhy; kw;nwhUtDf;Fk; tho;e;j
ngz;zpd; kdepiyapid ,f;fij tpsf;FfpwJ. ~xUtDf;F xUj;jp’ vDk; jkpo;g;gz;ghl;L Kiwapid ,f;fijapd; %yk; Mrphpah; njspthf;Ffpwhh;.
~Gypuh[h’ vd;w rpWfij 1966y; nrh;kd; nkhopapy; ntspahd
,e;jpar;rpWfijj; njhFg;gpy; jkpo;g;gFjpapy; Kjyplk; gpbj;Js;sJ. ‘fhhpUs; xU kpd;dy;’ fij ehafp re;jpukjpAk; fw;G epiy fhf;Fk; ngz;zhfg;
gilf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhs;. ~ghoile;j gq;fsh~> ~kapiyf;fhis~> ~je;ijAk; kfDk;~> ~ituNkhjpuk;~ Nghd;w ehd;F rpWfijfSk;
Mq;fpy N[hbg;igj; jOtpait.[xxvii]; thQ;rpehjd;
M\;Jiuiar; Rl;Lf;nfhd;w nra;jpia ~nghq;Fkhq;fly;’ vjpnuhypf;fpwJ. ghy;a tpthfj;jpdhy;
Vw;gLk; tpjitepiy tho;f;ifapidf; ‘Nfjhhpapd; jhahh;’> ~=fhe;jd; Gdh; n[d;kk;’> ~fbjKk; fz;zPUk;’ Nghd;w fijfs; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. MW tajpy; tpjitahf;fg;gl;l ‘fbjKk; fz;zPUk;’ fij ehafp md;dg+uzpAk; ‘=fhe;jd; Gdh;n[d;kk;’ fij ehafp tRe;juhTk; kWkztho;T tha;g;G fpilj;j NghjpYk;>
ngz;fspd; tho;itg; NgZk; r%fg; gzpapy; jq;fis <LgLj;jpf;nfhz;ldh;. ,g;Nghf;F
md;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; ngz;fspd; kdepiy ‘fztdpy;iyNay; mLj;j tho;f;ifj;Jiz ,y;iy’ vd;w epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. tpjit epiyg; ngz;fSf;F r%fj;njhz;bid
kl;Lk; mf;fhy epiyapy; fy;fp jkJ rpWfij %ykhf topfhl;bAs;shh; vd;gJ njhpa
tUfpwJ. fhe;jpa rpe;jidfs; nfhz;l fijahf gthdp> gp.V.>gp.vy;.>
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. gthdp> gp.V.>gp.vy; rpWfijapid neLq;fij thpirapy;
cs;sjhfTk; fyhjhf;fh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. fy;fpapd; rpWfijfspd; vz;zpf;if 119>
neLq;fij –
10> ehty; (tuyhW> r%fk;) – 9> ehlfk; - 9 vd;W
fyhjhf;fh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh; (lhf;lh; fyh Nf.jhf;fh;> fy;fp – Kd;\p ehty;fs; Xh; Xg;gPL> K.g> brk;gh;1988>
gf;.450).fy;fp vOjpa rpWfijfs; 120f;Fk; Nky; vd fy;fpfsQ;rpaj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ(fy;fp fsQ;rpak;>uh.fpU\;z%u;j;jp E}w;whz;L rpwg;G
ntspaPL> thdjp gjpg;gfk;>nrd;id-17.Kjy; gjpg;G.nrd;id-1991.) ,jd; %yk; r%f ehty;fspd; vz;zpf;if
Ma;tpw;FhpaJ. rpy fijfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy vd Ma;thsuhy;;
gpd;dpizg;gpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
1.8 r%f ehty;fs;
tpLjiy ngw;W mWgJ
Mz;LfSf;F Nky; MfpAk; ,d;dKk; ngz;fs; jq;fsJ chpikia epiyehl;lg; Nghuhb
tUfpd;wdh;. ngz;fisg; gw;wpa jdJ rpe;jidf;fUj;Jfspy; ghujpiaAk;>
ghujpjhridAk; Kd;Ndhbahff; nfhz;lth; fy;fp. ngz;Zhpikia mth; nghpJk;
Nghw;wpath;. jhapy;yhg; ngz; vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; FLk;gj;jpy; jpUkzj;jpw;F kWg;G
Vw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; fy;fp Jzpe;J jkJ rNfhjud; rfjPra;aUf;F mg;ngz;iz kzKbj;J
itj;jhh;.
xU Mz; fy;tp
fw;why; mJ mtDf;F kl;LNk gad;gLk;. xspkakhd tho;f;iff;F mwpahik ,Us;
tpyFtjw;Fg; ngz; fy;tpiag; Nghw;wpAs;shh; fy;fp. Mz;> ngz; ,UtUk;
rkkhdth;fs;. mth;fspilNa Vw;wj;jho;tpy;iy. Mz;fSf;F epfuhf ngz;fSk; vy;yh
tpraq;fisAk; njhpe;J nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij typAWj;jpath; fy;fp.
fy;fpapd; ngUk;ghyhd
gilg;Gfs; ngz;fis ikakpl;Lg; gy epiyfspy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. me;epa MZf;F vjphpy; tPl;Lg;ngz;fs; tUk; epiy>gpwh;
Kd;dpiyapy; kidtpAld;; NgRk; kdg; Nghf;F>2 gh;yhq; kl;Lk; cs;s ,lj;jpw;Nf
ngz;iz ntspapy; mDg;Gk; kdg;gf;Ftk;>ngz; fy;tp fw;Fk; epiy>ngz;iz Mz;
ghh;j;Jtpl;L Ntz;lhk; vdf;$Wk; epiy kWg;G>jpUkz tp\aj;jpy; ngz;zpd;
tpUg;gj;jpidf; Nfl;L KbntLj;jy;>ehl;Lg;gw;W kpFe;jpUj;jy>;ngz;Zf;Fr;
nrhj;Jhpik>gyjhu kzk; Vw;f kWj;jy;Nghd;w ngz; Kd;Ndw;wr; rpe;jid
cs;slf;fpajhf fy;fpapd; r%f ehty;fSk; mike;Js;sd. fy;fpapd; fijfisj;
Njrpaf;fijfs; vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. fy;fpapd; fijfspy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;>
ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk;> ghy;a tpthff; fz;ldk;> Fbg;gof;fj;jpdhy; cz;lhFk;
jPik Nghd;w fhe;jpa vz;zq;fs; ,lk; ngw;wd.
fy;fp ~miyXir’iaj; jkJ Kg;gJ Mz;Lf;fhyj; jkpo;g;gzpapy; kpfr; rpwe;jjhff;
fUjpdhh;. mjd; Kd;Diuapy;> jhd; vOjpa E}y;fSs; VjhtJ xd;W Ik;gJ E}W tU\k;
epiyj;J epw;Fk; jFjpAilanjd;why; mJ ~miyXir~ jhd; vd;W jdJ ek;gpf;ifiaj;
njhptpj;Js;shh;. kzy; Nkl;by; fy;fpapd; rpW tajpy; Muk;gf;fy;tp fw;w NghJ
ePUf;Fs; %o;fpf; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;l tho;f;if mDgtNk mth; ‘miyXir’ ehtYf;Ff; fhuzkha; mike;jJ vdf; fUjyhk;. ~miyXir~apd; fij
epfo;tpYk;> Gj;jkq;fy tho;tpidf; fijf;fskhfg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;. fuhr;rp fhq;fpu];
khehl;bw;Fr; nrd;W mq;F mDgtpj;j tpkhdg;gaz mDgtk; ‘miyXir’ fjhehafd; ,uhftd;
tpkhdg;gazf; fij mDgtkhf khw;wp mikj;Js;sJ GydhfpwJ. jkpopy; Kjd;Kjypy; rhfpj;a mfhjkpg; ghpRngw;w
E}y; ~miyXir~ (1949) ntspahd fhyfl;lj;jpy; (1934-1948) ngz;zpd; rkchpikiag;
gyUk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. 1934
Kjy; 1948 tiuapyhd 14 Mz;Lfhy ,e;jpaj; Njrpa tuyhWk;> fhe;jpag; ngz;Zhpikr;
rpe;jidfSk; epiwe;Js;s ,e;E}y; Kw;Nghf;fhd rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;L ,yq;FfpwJ. fy;fpapd;
~miyXir~ ehty; 1964y; u\;ankhopapy;
ntspahfp> Ik;gjhapuk; gpujpfs; ehNy ehl;fspy; tpw;gid Mapd. mij
nkhopngah;j;jth; ,g;ufpkht; (Ibragimov).
mtUf;Fr; NrhkRe;juk; Ntz;Lk; NghJ tpsf;fq;fs; nrhy;yp cjtp mspj;jhh;.[xxviii]‘miyXir’ia>uh.tPopehjd; ,e;jpapy; ntspf;nfhzh;e;Js;shh;.
Rje;jpuk; milAk;
Kd;Ng vl;L Mz;LfSf;F Kd; gpurhuk; nghjpe;j ehty; ‘jpahfg+kp’ia vOjpdhh;. ‘jpahfg+kp’ ehty; cg;Gr;
rj;jpahfpufj;ij typAWj;jp mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Fiwe;jgl;rk; %d;W yl;rk; jkpoh;fs; ‘jpahfg+kp’ fijiaj; njhlh;e;J gbj;jpUf;fNtz;Lnkd;W
kjpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.[xxix]
jpahfg+kp
vd;w Gjpdj;ij Mde;j tpfldpy; ,UgJ ,jo;fspy; njhluhf vOjpapUe;jhH.
‘jpahfg+kp’ fij tbtpy; midtuhYk; gbf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; jpiutbtpy;
te;jNghJ gytpjj;jpYk; fz;ldj;jpw;Fs;shdJ. Mdhy;> ‘jpahf g+kp’> ‘kPuh’ Mfpa ,uz;L jpiug;glq;fSf;F mth; trdk; vOjp> mit khngUk;
ntw;wpaile;jd vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. (fy;fp> fy;fp tsh;j;j jkpo;>
tpfld; gpuRuk;> nr-2> K.g> [{iy2007> g.1) ,jw;Ff; fy;fpapdhy;
gilf;fg;gl;bUe;j rhtpj;hpapd; $h;ikahd trdq;fs; vdyhk;. jhd; tpUk;gpa ghujp
fz;l GJikg; ngz;zhff; fy;fp rhtpj;hpia
cyt tpl;bUe;jhYk;>
mf;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fis ,j;jifa Nehf;Fld; fhZk; Mzpd; kdg;Nghf;F
khwtpy;iy vd;gijj; jpahfG+kpapd; jpiug;gl tpkh;rdq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
‘fs;tdpd; fhjyp’ lhf;fpj;
jpiuf;fijahff; fw;gid nra;j fij. Rkhh; ,uz;lhz;L
fhyk; fhj;jpUe;J ‘fs;tdpd; fhjyp’ jpiug;glkha; tug;
Nghtjpy;iy vd;gijf; fy;fp czh;e;jJk; Mde;jtpfld; ,jopy; 29-08-1937 th;khtpd;
rpj;jpuq;fSld; ntspapl;lhh;. bNfrpapd;
tl;lj;njhl;bf;F te;J nfhz;bUe;j Xa;T ngw;w NghyP]; Kj;ijahg;gps;is>
[k;Gypq;ff; fs;sd; fijiaf;$w mij xU nra;jpahf Vw;W> fy;fp ehty;tbtkhf khw;wp
mikj;jhh;. ,f;fijapidg; G+h;zk; tpRtehjd; jiyikapy; ehlf tbtkhf jpUr;rp
Njrpaf;fy;Y}hpapd; itutpoh epjpf;fhfg; GJnly;ypapy; 1946 etk;gh; khjj;jpy;
mLj;jLj;J 9>10 Njjpfspy; eilngw;wJ. bNfv]; rNfhjuh;fSk;> 1953 [dthp 20Mk;
Njjp ehlfj;ij muq;Nfw;wpdh;. ehlfkhf;fk; nra;j v];.b.Re;juk;; jpiuf;fijAk;
mikj;J 1955 jPghtspad;W fy;fp ,we;j gpd; ntspahdJ.
‘fs;tdpd;
fhjyp’ 1953,y;
‘Nrhh; fP gpNukpfh’ vd ,e;jpapy; nkhopahf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ~fs;tdpd; fhjyp;’> F[uhj;jp nkhopapYk; ntsp; te;Js;sJ. fs;tdpd;
fhjyp> jpahfg+kp> kFlgjp> Rje;jpuk; Mfpa r%f ehty;fis vOjpa fy;fp
gpd;dNu tuyhw;Wg; Gjpdq;fis vOjpAs;shH. (www.tamil virtual academy.com) r%f ehty;fspd; tupirg;gb ~Rje;jpuk~; vd;w
ehty; fyhjhf;fuhy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
‘ngha;khd;fuL’ vd;w FWehty; jpiug;glkhfg; ‘nghd;tay;’(1954) vd;w ngahpy; ntspahdJ. ‘miyXir’ ehtypy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l fhyk; KOtJk; gpd;dzpahff; nfhz;L
mike;Js;sJ. ‘mkujhuh’tpy; ,e;Jkjpapd;
ghj;jpug;gilg;G mr;rk; kpFe;jpUe;j ngz; ghj;jpukhfTk;> ngz; tpLjiyia
typAWj;jp mikf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; fy;fp mikj;Js;shh;. ‘ngz;Zf;F tpLjiy
Ntz;Lk;’ vd;gij> ,e;Jkjp thapyhff; $Wfpwhh;. “tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns
ngz;izg; g+l;b itg;Nghk; vd;w tpe;ij kdpjh; jiy ftpo;e;jhh;” vd;W ngz; tpLjiy
tpUk;Gk; epiyapy; $Wfpd;whh;. fy;fp vOjpa
Fwpg;Gfspd; cjtpNahL> ‘mkujhuh’ fijapid mtuJ kfs; Mde;jp epiwT nra;jhh;.
mkujhuhTk; ehlfkhf thndhypapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. fy;fp mth;fSf;Ff;
fij nrhy;tJ vt;tsT gpbf;FNkh> me;jsT fy;fpf;Ff; fij Nfl;gJk; gpbf;Fk;. jk; kdjpy; vOk; gilg;Gfisg; ghku kf;fSk;
gbj;jwpe;J goe;jkpo;g; ngUik> r%fg;Gul;rp vz;zk;> fhe;jpak; Nghd;wtw;iw
mwpe;J tsu Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt gilj;jpUf;fpwhh; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.
fy;fpiag;
nghWj;jtiu> mtuJ Kjw; fl;lf; fijfspy; jk;ikr; Rw;wpa epfo;TfisAk;>
gpurhuq;fisAk; ,izj;J mikj;jJk;> gpe;ija fijfspy;> ey;y fij
mk;rq;fSld;> fiyaoFk; NkNyhq;fpg; gz;ghl;bw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jikAk;
njhpatUfpwJ.
1.9 tuyhw;W ehty;fs;
xU ehtypd;
fl;likg;G vd;gJ fij epfo;r;rpfspd; itg;G Kiw> fhyg;ghFghL ,tw;iwg; nghWj;Nj
mikfpwJ. tuyhw;W ehtiy vOj %d;W nfhs;iffs; Njit vd;W
];fhl; $Wthh;. xd;W> ehtyhrphpad; jhd; vOjg; GFe;j tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;ij czh;T
g+h;tkhf mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;L>
tuyhw;W ehtypy; vz;zw;w kdpjh;fis cyttplNtz;Lk;. mth;fs; rhjhuz kf;fs;>
cah;e;j kdpjh;fs;> tpNdhjkhdth;fs;> mehfhpfkhdth;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW r%fg;
gphpTfisg; gpujpgypg;gth;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. %d;W> fij mikg;G> ,it tuyhw;W ehty;fs;
gw;wpa mbg;gil cz;ikahFk;. ,itaidj;Jk;
xUq;fpizj;Jf; fy;fp eifr;Rit FiwahJ> mq;fjr; RitAld;> tuyhw;W
ehty;fspy; fij khe;jh;fisg; gilj;J gz;ghl;Lr; #oiy tpsf;fpf; $Wjy; %yk; ty;ytuhAk;
jpfo;e;jhh;.
1.9.1; nkhopeil
,yf;fpag; nghJtbtj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;L
xt;nthU ehtyhrphpahpd; jpwDk;; jdpj;jd;ik ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ. ,jw;Ff;fhuzk;
,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspapd; nkhop eil vd;W $wyhk;. fy;fpapd;;
tuyhw;Wr; rpe;jidfspy;>
- xg;gPL fye;j fw;gidAld; ,ize;j th;zid> tpthpg;G
- xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhy;> tlnrhy; fyg;G Kiw
- tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpid xl;ba nrhy;yhl;rp Kiw
- thrfh;fSf;F cw;rhfj;ijj; J}z;Lk; ,ay;ghd Ngr;R> tof;F ciuahly; eil
Nghd;w mbg;gilf;
$Wfisf; nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ.
1.9.1.1 cj;jp
,yf;fpaj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;l xU cs;slf;fg; nghUisr; nrhy;tjw;F gad;gLfpd;w top Kiwapid cj;jp
vd;fpNwhk;. nkhopeil $l mt;tifapy; Xh; cj;jpahf mikaf;$Lk;. cj;jpfs; vd;W
nrhy;Yk; NghJ ~The Rhetoric of Fiction~
vd;w E}y; ($Wjy;)
Telling, (fhl;rpg;gLj;Jjy;) Showing, vd ,U cj;jpfisf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Gidfij ,yf;fpaj;jpy; (gpd;Ndhf;F)
Flashback, (edNthil)
Stream of Consciousness, (tUzid)
Description, (Nehf;F epiy) Point of view, (ghj;jpu
cUthf;fk;); Characterisation Kjypait
cj;jpfshff; fUjj;jf;fit”[xxx] vd;fpwhh;
jp.f.eluhrd;. fy;fp Nfs;tpfspy; njhlq;FtJ> jhNd NgRtJ> ghj;jpuq;fisg; Ngr
itg;gJ vd cj;jpfs; gytw;iwf; ifahs;fpwhh;. vjpYk; cyf eilKiw> jkpo; kuG>
gz;ghL khwh jh;kj;ijf; filg;gpbf;fpwhh;.
,ay;ghd
Ngr;R. vspikahd eil> r%f mtyq;fisj; Jy;ypakhff; fhl;Lk; Nghf;F ,tw;wpdpilNa
eifr;Rit fye;j Ngr;Rk; fy;fpapd; gilg;Gfspy; fhz KbfpwJ.
fy;fpapd; Kjy;
tuyhw;W ehtyhfpa ~ghh;j;jpgd; fdT’ fp.gp.Vohk;
E}w;whz;Lg; gy;yt Nrho murh;fspd; murpay; tuyhw;;Wg;gpd;dzpAld; ,ize;J Rit
kpFe;j gilg;ghfpaJ. ‘ghh;j;jpgd; fdT’ Rje;jpu czh;itj;
J}z;Lk;gbahf mike;jpUe;jJ. ,e;ehtypd;
%yk; kf;fspd; Rje;jpu czh;itj; J}z;bdhh;. fijapd; tpWtpWg;G fUjpf; fw;gid khe;jh;fSld;
,izj;Jg; gpd;dg;gl;l ,e;ehty; jpiug;gl tbtpYk; ntsp te;jJ. (fp.gp.1960)
,f;fijf;Fr; rptdbahh; ahh;?; vd;W mwpahky; ,Ug;gJ jhd; capNuhl;lk;. Mdhy;>
jpiug;glkhf mikj;jNghJ J}ajkpo; NgRtjw;fhf v];.tp.uq;fhuht; mth;fis
eurpk;kgy;ytdhf ebf;fitj;jjhy;> mtuJ Fuy; kf;fSf;F mth; ~rptdbahh;’ vdf; fhl;bf; nfhLj;J tpl;lJ. jpiug;glj;jpy; fjhghj;jpuk; rhptuj;Njh;T
nra;ag;glhikahy; ,g;glk; Njhy;tpaile;jJ. rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp> Ne\dy; Gf; bu];L ‘ghh;j;jpgd; fdit’
,e;jpapy; ntspapl;ld.
‘rptfhkpapd;
rgjj;ij’ b.Nf.v];.rNfhjuh;fs; gyKiw ehlfkhf
muq;Nfw;wpdhh;fs;. ‘rptfhkp rgjk’~ rhSf;fpa ehl;by;
Vw;gl;l Nghhpid mbg;gilahf itj;Jf; fhjYzh;it ikakhf itj;jpUg;gpDk;>
ehl;Lg;gw;wpd; fhuzkhff; fhjiyj; jpahfk; nra;Ak; Nghf;fpy; ,f;fij
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gy;yt fhyj;jpy; eldf;fiy> rpw;gf;fiy> Xtpaf;fiy
rpwe;jpUe;jJ vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fij epfo;Tfs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
‘rptfhkpapd;
rgjk;’ xU njhlh;fijahff; fy;fpapy; ntsptUtjw;F
Kd;dhy;> 21-05-1941k; Njjpapy; jpUr;rp thndhyp epiyaj;jpypUe;J xU ehlfkha;
xypgug;ghapw;W.[xxxi] nrhe;jf; fy;fp gj;jphpifapy; 1944 Gj;jhz;L
,jopy; ‘rptfhkpapd; rgjk;’ njhlq;fp ,uz;liu
Mz;Lfsha; ,lk; ngw;wJ. E}y; tbtpy; 1948y; Kjy; gjpg;ghfTk;> %d;whz;LfSf;Fg;
gpwF ,uz;lhk; gjpg;ghfTk; ntsp te;jJ.
rptfhkp rgjj;jpy; guQ;Nrhjpahy;
(rpWnjhz;lh;) if ntl;lg;gl;L> Gj;j gpl;Rthd GypNfrpapd; jikadhd ehfee;jp
capNuhL nrd;wJld; mf;fij khe;jh; Fwpj;J ehtypy; Nkw;nfhz;L nra;jpfs;
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. mg;Gj;j gpl;Rthdth; fhghypfdhfg;> ghh;j;jpgd; fdtpy;
fjhghj;jpukhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sjd; %yk; fy;fpapd; fij fUthf;fj;jpwid mwpa
,aYfpwJ. fw;gidf; fjhghj;jpuk; vd;whYk; thrfh;fisf; fth;e;jpOf;Fk; tifapy;
mikj;Js;s tpjk; rpwg;ghdJ. rptfhkp rgjk; ngz;zhir nfhz;L cyf Mirapid ntWj;Jj;
Jwtwk; g+z;l Gj;j gpl;R ~eldg;ngz; rptfhkp~ kPJ nfhz;l Nkhfj;jpdhy;
rNfhjud;> ehL> fhjyp ,tw;iw ,oe;jijg;gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. ngz; xUj;jpapdhy;
Vw;gl;l NguoptpidAk; ,e;ehty; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. ‘murFyKk;>
rhjhuz rpw;gp kfs; FLk;gKk; jpUkz ge;jj;jhy; ,iza Kbahjit’ vd;W Mrphpah;
,f;fijapid epiwT nra;fpwhh;. ehl;L eyd; fUjp jdJ kfd; fhjypiaj; jdf;F
kidtpahf;fpf; nfhs;s NehpLk; mtykhd mf;fhyj;ija gz;ghl;L epiyapidf; fhz
NehpLfpwJ. fij KOtJk; rptfhkpiar; Rw;wpg; gpd;dg;gl;Ls;sJ. irt rkaj;ij
Kd;dpWj;jp kq;ifah;f;furpapd; ghj;jpuKk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘nghd;dpapd;
nry;td;’ ehtypy; ,uhruhrNrhod; fhyj;ija tuyhw;iw
xU mofpa fhjy; fhtpaj;Jld; gpizj;J mf;fhyj;ija ghz;baehl;Lg;G+rYld; ,izj;J>
ee;jpdp vd;w fjhghj;jpuj;Jld; mikj;jpUe;jtpjk; rpwg;ghdJ. vOj;jhsh; tpf;ukDk; ‘ee;jpGuj;Jehafp’ vd;w jkJ ehtiyf; fy;fpf;Ff; fhzpf;ifahf;fpapUf;fpwhh;.
,e;ehty; ‘nghd;dpapd;
nry;td;’
tuyhw;W ehtypd; njhlh;r;rpahff;; fw;gid
nra;ag;gl;lJ. fy;fpapd; rhpj;jpu ehty;fSf;Fg;gad;gl;lit
Nf.V.ePyfz;lrh];jphpapd; ‘Nrhoh;fs;’ vd;w Mq;fpy E}iyAk;> b.tp.rjhrptgz;lhuj;jhh; vOjpa ‘gpw;fhyr; Nrhoh; rhpj;jpuk;’ vd;w Gj;jfj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fy;fp jkf;fpUf;Fk;
ehl;Lg;gw;iwj; jkJ ngz;; fjhghj;jpuq;fs; %yk;; ntspf;fhl;bAs;sJ ,t;Ma;tpd; %yk;
GydhfpwJ.
1.10 fhe;jpiar;
re;jpj;j mDgtk;
1921y; jpUr;rpapy;
fhe;jpia Kjd; Kjyha;g; ghh;j;j mDgtk; fy;fpf;Ff; fpilj;j NghjpYk;> gd;dpuz;L
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; Gdh efUf;F mUNf ‘gh;zFb’ vd;w vspa ngahpy;
‘tpj;jy;jh];
jhf;fh;]p’ vd;w Fruhj;jpr;rPkhd; fl;bapUe;j
gspq;F khspifapy; jPz;lhik xopg;Gf;fhf cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;J Kbj;jpUe;j
fhe;jpapidr; re;jpj;J ciuahLk; tha;g;G fpilj;jjhff; fy;fp $wpAs;shh;.
fhe;jpAld; mth; vd;d Ngrpdhh; vd;W fy;fp Fwpf;ftpy;iy.
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy;
fhe;jpa ,af;fk; vj;jidNah khw;wq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. mtw;wpy; r%f mikg;gpy;
ngz;fspd; vOr;rp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fhe;jpak; rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fhpa topKiwfisf; fhl;LfpwJ. jdp kdpj
xOf;fk;> rKjha mwk; Mfpait fhe;jpaj;jpw;Fhpa tpj;JfshFk;. ,tw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ehty;fspy;; fhe;jpak; Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fhe;jpabfs; capnud cah;e;jit vdg; Nghw;wp
cyNfhh;f;F vLj;Jiuj;jNjhL jk; tho;tpYk; filg;gpbj;J xOfpa nfhs;iffisf;
fhe;jpaf; nfhs;iffs; vdyhk;. mtw;iwr; rj;jpak;> mfpk;ir>
rj;jpahf;fpufk;> rh;Nthjak; vd;w ehd;F gFg;Gfspy; mlf;fyhk;. ,r;rKjhaj;jpy;jdpkdpjd;
rj;jpak;> mfpk;ir> jpUlhik> ehtlf;fk;> mQ;rhik> cilikapd;ik> Gydlf;fk;>
clYiog;G> jPz;lhik tpyf;F> rka xw;Wik> RNjrpj;jd;ik Nghd;w gjpndhU
tpujq;fisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lnkd mbfs; tFj;jhh;.
fhe;jpabfsJ
nfhs;iffs; midj;Jk; r%fk;> murpay;> jdpkdpj tho;T Mfpa Jiwfspd; fPo;
ntspg;gl;Ls;sd. mth; jkJ nfhs;iffisg; Ngustpyhd ,af;fq;fshfTk; cUthf;fpr; nray;
tbtk; nfhLj;Js;shh;. “jPq;F nra;ahjpUj;jy;> Jd;gj;ijg; nghWj;jy;> gifthplk; md;gha;
,Uj;jy;> jPr; nray;fspy; ntWg;Gf; fhl;Ljy;> jP;r; nraiyg; Ghpgthplj;J
ntWg;Gf;fhl;lhJ ,Uj;jy;> ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;J tho;jy;>” Nghd;w nfhs;iffisf; ~fhe;jpak;~ vd;fpwhh; jpU.tp.f.[xxxii]
K.t mth;fs; J}a;ikj;njhz;L> Kw;Nghf;F czh;T Mfpa gz;GfspypUe;J ehk; fhe;jpaf;
nfhs;ifis mwpayhk; vd;fpwhh;.[xxxiii]
fy;fp
murpay; Nghf;if eph;zapf;fpd;w Mw;wYk;> ghjpf;fpd;w rf;jpiaAk;> jkJ
ehty;fspy; nfhzh;e;jhh;. jkpioAk;> Njrpaj;ijAk; Nrh;j;J tsh;j;jhh;. fhe;jp
,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk;> ,uz;lhk; tl;l Nki[ khehL Njhy;tp> mjdhy; Vw;gl;l rj;jpahf;fpufg;
Nghuhl;lk; vd;w %d;Wk; ‘=fhe;jd;
Gdh;n[d;kk;’ vd;w rpWfijapd; gpd;dzpahff;
nfhz;Lk;> ‘gthdp gp.V.>gp.vy;.>’ vd;w fijapy;
me;epaj;Jzpg; gfp\;fhpg;G> cg;Gr; rj;jpahf;fpufk; vd;w ,U Nghuhl;lKk; ‘rpuQ;rPtp’ – cg;Gr;
rj;jpahf;fpufg; Nghuhl;lKk; Fwpj;J vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. fy;fp vOjpa
1.
tpkyh – xj;Jioahik nra;J
fy;tpf;$lj;ij tpl;l ,isQdpd; tuyhW
2.
fs;tdpd; fhjyp – fy;fpapd; rpiwthr
mDgtq;fs;
3.
jpahf g+kp –
cg;Gr;rj;jpahf;fpufk;> xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; 1942> Njr gf;jp
4.
miyXir - 1930 Kjy; 1947 tiu ele;j tpLjiyg;
Nghuhl;lk;> kfhj;kh kiwT
5.
kFlgjp -
Rje;jpu Ntl;if> fs;Sf;fil kwpay;
6.
mkujhuh – Rje;jpu Nts;tp>
gfj;rpq; (,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh;)
7.
nghd; tpisAk;
g+kp – ciof;Fk; tptrhapfspd; fij
8.
ul;yk; [q;f;\d; - Nejh[papd; kHk KbT gw;wpg;
g+lfkhf vOjpa rpWfij
Nghd;wit midj;Jk; tpLjiy
czh;it kf;fsplk; Cl;Lgitahf mike;Js;sd.
1.10.1 ngz;fspd;;; Kd;Ndw;w rpe;jid
fhe;jpabfs;
tujl;riz vjph;f;fTk;> jhk; tpUk;gpagb fztiuj; Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;
Cf;;fkspf;fpwhh;. fztUf;F mbikahf ,uhky; mth; nra;Ak; ghtj;jpw;F cld;glhky;
mth;fisj; jpUj;jTk;> mth;fsplkpUe;J gphpe;J thoTk; ngz;fSf;F chpik Ntz;Lk;
vdf; Fuy; nfhLf;fpwhh;. tpjitah; kWkzk; nra;a tpUk;gpdhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk;> ,isQh;fs; mth;fisj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s Kd;tuNtz;Lnkd;Wk;
tw;GWj;Jfpwhh;.
tOf;fp tpOe;j ngz;fs; tpgrhuj; njhopiyf; if tpl;L
E}w;wy;> nea;jy; Nghd;w VNjDk; xU ey;y njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;L khdj;Jld; tho
tw;GWj;Jfpwhh;. gyte;jkhff; flj;jg;gl;l ngz;fs; khrw;wth;fs; vd;W $wp>
mth;fSf;F ,uf;fk; fhl;b tho;f;ifaspf;f Ntz;Lfpwhh;. ‘Njtjhrpfs; vd;w ngahpy; khdf;Nflhd tho;T elj;Jk; ngz;fis
mjdpd;Wk; kPl;gJ rKjhaj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.[xxxiv]
cq;fspd; Jauq;fisg; nghJ tho;tpy; fiuj;Jf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;> ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgLq;fs; vdf; fhe;jp[p ngz;fSf;F miog;G
tpLj;jhh;. “MSf;F Ms;; vjph;;j;J epd;W> mepahaq;fisAk;>
mf;fpukq;fisAk; jLg;gjw;Fj; NjfjplKk;> kNdhijhpaKk; ,e;ehl;by; gpwe;j
xt;nthUtUk; ngw Ntz;baJ mtrpak;” vd;w fUj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. fhe;jpabfspd; rh;Nthja
rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fs; Mz;fSf;Fr; rhpepfh; rkkhd flikAk;> chpikAk; cilath;fshf
kjpf;fg;gLth;.[xxxv] fhe;jpapd;
fUj;Jfspd;gb fy;fp jkJ tho;f;ifapidAk;> vOj;Jg;gzpfisAk; mikj;J
tho;e;Js;shh;.
1.10.2 fy;fpapd; gilg;Gfspy; fhe;jpak;
fy;fpapd; gilg;Gyfk; r%fk; rhh;e;j rPh;NfLfisf; fisAk;
Nehf;fpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mth; gilj;jspj;j ,yf;fpa tiffs; topahf mtuJ gilg;ghw;wiyAk;>
,yf;fpa MSikiaAk; mwpayhk;. mth; fhe;jpa newpapduhf tho;e;J> fhe;jpa
cs;slf;fq;fisj; jk; fijfspy; gilj;Jf; fhl;bdhh;. ‘fhyr;#oYf;Nfw;gg; ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk;’
vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb fijfspy; ngz;fs;
Kd;Ndw;wj;ij vjpnuhypf;fr; nra;jhh;. fijfspy; elg;gpay; newpNahL fijfspd;
,aq;Fjsk; xd;wpg; NghtNjhL> rpy ,lq;fspy; ngz;fs; Kd;NdWtjw;fhd fhe;jpaf;
Nfhl;ghLfis mikj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shh;.
fy;fp> “ngz;fs; vy;yhiuAk; jha;khh;fshfTk;> rNfhjhpfshfTk;>
guhrf;jpapd; tbtq;fshfTk; fUjpg; Nghw;Wk; gz;ghL ghuj ehl;bd; gz;ghL” vd;W $wpAs;shh ;.
‘jhd; xU ngz;kzpahf ,y;iyNa’ vd;W $wpg; ngz;zpdj;ij cah;j;jpath; fy;fp. fy;fp
Ffg;gphpia> FKjpdp> gj;kh Nghd;w ngz; vOj;jhsh;fis Cf;Ftpj;jhh;. ngz;fs;
chpikg;NghUf;F jd; ,jiog;gad;gLj;jpdhh;. ngz;fs; ,e;ehl;bd; caph;g;G vdf; Fuy; nfhLj;jhh;. ‘rikay;fl;Nl fjp’ vd;W ,Ue;j ekJ
ngz;fisf; fij gbf;Fk; gof;fj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jth; fy;fp vd;ghh;fs;. mLg;g+Jk; ngz;fisAk; ,jo; gbf;f itj;jhh;. “vOj;Jj;Jiwapy;
,Jtiu ahUk; nra;ahjij my;yJ nra;a Kaw;rp nra;J Njhw;w tp\aj;ij kdjpy; gjpj;J vOj
Ntz;baJ cz;ikahd rpe;jid kpf;f vOj;jhsdJ flik. mf;flikiaf; fy;fp mth;fs; nra;J
fhl;bAs;shh;”; vd Nehgy; ghpR ngw;w vOj;jhsh;
vh;d];l; n`k;kpq;Nt (Ernest Hemingway) jk;Kila Nehgy;
ghpRg; Ngr;rpd; rkak; $wpAs;shh;.[xxxvi]
1.10.2.1 ngz; fy;tp
ngz; fij khe;jh;fisg; gilf;Fk; gilg;ghsp ngz;fisAk; kjpf;fj;
njhpe;jpUj;jy; mtrpak;. ,jidf; fy;fp jk; tho;f;ifapd; %yk; gy tpjq;fspy;
mwpe;jpUe;jhh;. jkJ tho;f;ifj;Jizahd Uf;kzp fy;tpawptw;wth; vd;gijj;
jpUkzj;jpd; gpd; mwpe;J nfhz;lhh;. ~ngz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp ,d;wpaikahj Njit~ vd
czh;e;jpUe;j mth; jkJ kidtp fy;tp fw;f top tif nra;jhh;. jkJ gilg;Gfspd; %yk;
ngz;fy;tpia typAWj;jpdhh;.
‘fbjKk; fz;zPUk;’ fijapy; ngz;zpw;Fg; gbf;fj; njhpahjjhy; tpise;j tpisit
tpsf;fpAs;shh;. fy;tp mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjhy; ngz;fs; jiy epkph;e;J tho
KbAk; vd;w fUj;J ,f;fijapd; %yk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
1.10.2.2 tpjit epiy
ngz;fs; fy;tp fw;w NghjpYk;> jkJ gz;ghl;bd; rpd;dq;fis
Vw;Wf; nfhz;l epiyiaf; fy;fp> ‘fizahopapd; fdT’ vd;w rpWfijj; njhFjpapy; fhl;bAs;shh;. ,r;rpWfijj;
njhFg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ‘Nfjhhpapd; jhahh;’ vd;w rpWfijapy; tUk; ghfPujp jdJ fztd; ,wg;gpw;Fg; gpd;
nts;isAil jhpf;Fk; epiyiar; rpj;jhpj;Js;shh;.
‘fs;tdpd; fhjyp’ ehtypy; tpjit epiy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gltpy;iy. ,J Mrphpahpd;
ngz;zpar;rpe;jidiaf; fhl;Ltjhf mike;Js;sJ.jdJ ,wg;gpw;Fg;gpwF jdJ kidtpf;Fr;
Rje;jpukhf thOk; chpikapid mspj;j tajhd fztdpd; ghj;jpug;gilg;gpd; %yk;
ngz;Zhpikia ntspf;fhl;bAs;shh;. ‘fbjKk; fz;zPUk;’ vd;w rpWfijapy; tUk; md;dg+uzp %lg;gof;ftof;fq;fspdhy; jk;
tho;tpid ,oe;jijf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. “MW tajpNy vdf;Ff; fy;ahzk; gz;zpdhh;fshk;;;@ xd;gJ tajpy;
ifk;ngz; MNdd;”
vd;W fij khe;jh; Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy;> ‘ngz;Zf;F ,staJ kzk; $lhJ’ vdg; ngz;zpar; rpe;jidiaj; jkJ gilg;Gfspy;
ntspf;fhl;Lfpwhh;. ‘fbjKk; fz;zPUk;’ fijia Nk.R. (vk;.v];.) uhRthkp fy;fpapd; mDkjp ngw;W
Mq;fpyj;jpy; Mf;fpdhh;. me;j nkhopngah;g;G ‘jphpNtzp’ vd;w gj;jphpifapy;
1939 mf;Nlhgh; ,jopy; ntspahapw;W.
,e;jf;fijapd; jiytp md;dg+uzp GfOld; tho;e;j xU khjurp (1886-1969).
,tuJ tho;tpy; mikag;ngw;w rpy khw;wq;fs; ngw;W cUthdJ jhd; ,f;fij vdf; fy;fp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.[xxxvii]
fy;fp ngz;Zhpik Fwpj;Jg; NgRk;> thOk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
fjhghj;jpuq;fshf
‘ghh;j;jpgd; fdT’ ts;sp kw;Wk;
Fe;jit>
- ts;sp –fztDf;Fj; Jiz epw;Fk; Nghf;F>ehl;Lg;gw;W
- Fe;jit – fhjyDf;fhf thOk; jd;ik>ghrk;
‘rptfhkp rgjk;’ rptfhkp kw;Wk; fkyp>
- rptfhkp – gpwh; eyj;Jf;fhff; fhjiy kwe;J tho;jy;
- fkyp – fztid ,oe;j epiyapYk; thOk; kNdhijhpak;
‘fs;tdpd; fhjyp’ fy;ahzp>
- fy;ahzp – Nfhiofisf; fz;L ntWf;Fk; jd;ik> tpjit epiyia Vw;fhjpUj;jy;
‘mkujhuh’ ,e;Jkjp>
- ,e;Jkjp – Njhy;tpfisf; fz;L kde;jsuhjpUj;jy;
‘kFlgjp’ gq;f[k; kw;Wk; nre;jpU>
- gq;f[k; - gpur;rpidfisf; fz;L xJq;fhky; ijhpakhf vjph;j;J epw;Fk; Nghf;F
- nre;jpU – fhjypj;jtidf; ifg;gpbf;Fk; kNdhijhpak;
‘jpahf g+kp’ rhtpj;hp
- rhtpj;hp – ngz;zbikj;jdj;ij vjph;j;jy;
‘miy Xir’ jhhpzp>
- jhhpzp – jd;dykpd;ikAld; fy;tpawpT epiwT fz;bUj;jy;
- rPjh - jd; tho;f;ifiaj; jhNd Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; chpik
‘nghd;dpapd; nry;td;’ g+q;Foyp kw;Wk; Fe;jit>
- g+q;Foyp – MZf;F ,izahd typik ngw;wpUj;jy;
- Fe;jit – ghrj;Jld; cyf ,ay;gpw;Nfw;wthW tho;jy;
Nghd;Nwhiug; gilj;J thrfh; kdjpy; mopah ,lk; gpbj;Js;shh;.
ngz;Zhpik Fwpj;Jg; gy nghpNahh;fSk; jkJ ftpijfshYk;> gilg;GfshYk; ngz;fspd;
Kd;Ndw;w epiyf;F top mikj;jpUe;jhYk;> fy;fp jkJ vspa eilapy; fijapid
mikj;Jg; ngz;Zhpikr; rpe;jidfis ntspf; nfhzh;e;Js;sJ rpwg;ghdJ.
fy;fp
fhe;jpaf; nfhs;ifia Vw;W elg;gth;fs; tho;f;ifapy; gy rpf;fy;fisr; re;jpf;f
NehpLk; vd;gij ehty;fspd; %yk; ntspf; nfhzh;e;Js;shh;. fy;fpapd; ‘fs;tdpd; fhjyp’(1938)> ‘jpahfg+k~p’(1939)> ‘kFlgjp’(1943)> ‘mgiyapd; fz;zPh;’;(1947)> ‘Nrhiykiy,sturp’(1947)> ‘miyXir’(1953)> Mfpa MW
ehty;fs; fhe;jpaj;jhf;fk; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wd[xxxviii] ,e;ehty;fs;; ntspahd fhyk; Nkyha;Tf;Fhpa
xd;whff; fUJtjw;F ,lKz;L.; fyhjhf;fu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s fhyKk;> rgh.mUzhryk;
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyKk; ntt;Ntwhdit. ,Ug;gpDk>; fyhjhf;fu; ehty;fs; ntspahd
,jo;fspd; gl;bay;tupirfisf; Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk; fyhjhf;fu; $Wk; fhyNk rupahdJ
vdf; fUJtjw;F ,lKz;L. jpahfg+kp> kFlgjp> miyXir Mfpa ehty;fs; ,e;jpa
tpLjiy ,af;f ehty;fshff; Fwpg;gplg;ngw;Ws;sd.
1.10.2.3 jPz;lhik
fy;fpapd; ~tp\ke;jpuk;’ rpWfij jPz;lhikf; nfhLikia tpsf;Ftjhf cs;sJ. ,e;Jf;fs; jk;
rNfhjuh;fshd xU gFjpapdiuj; jPz;LtJ ghtnkd vz;ZtijAk;> nghJf;Nfhapy;fSf;Fs;
mth;fis mDkjpf;f kWg;gijAk; ,opntdf; fhe;jpabfs; fUJfpwhh;. mth;fSf;Fr; rk
chpik mspf;f kWg;gJ ,iwtidNa kWg;gjw;F xg;ghFk; vdTk;> gFj;jwptpw;Fk;>
,uf;f czh;tpw;Fk>; xOf;ftpjpfl;Fk; jPz;lhik Kuz;gl;ljhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ vdTk;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.[xxxix] ~gpwg;gpy; cah;T
jho;T fw;gpg;gJ jtW~ vd;gJ fhe;jpabfspd; nfhs;if.[xl]
jpahfG+kpapy; rk;Grh];jphpapd; tPl;L khLfs; “ek;ikg;Nghy; ,e;j rdq;fSf;F XL Nghl;ltPL ,Uf;fpwjh vd;d?” vd;W mhprdkf;fisg;ghh;j;Jf;Nfl;gjhf cj;jpapid mikj;Js;shh;.
,J jPz;lhikf;nfhLikapid vLj;Jf;fhl;LtJ Nghy; mike;Js;sJ. ‘mgiyapd; fz;zPh;’ vd;Dk; ehtypy; fy;fp fhe;jpabfspd; rj;jpaf;nfhs;ifiaf;
fUthf mikj;Js;shh;. fhe;jpabfs; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; mth; ngaiur; nrhy;ypg; gjtpf;F
te;jth;fNs fhe;jpatopia cWjpahff; filg;gpbf;ftpy;iy. cz;ikahd fhe;jpathjpfs;
xJf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. fs;sr;re;ij kdpjh;fs; tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;fs; vd;gdtw;iwf; fy;fp
,e;ehtypy; fhl;Lfpwhh;.[xli]
fy;fpapd;
‘Rgj;jpiuapd;
rNfhjud;’>
‘fkyhtpd;
fy;ahzk;’> ‘=fhe;jd; Gdh;n[d;kk;’ Nghd;w fijfspy;
fy;fp fhe;jpapd; ngz;zpd; eyDf;fhd nfhs;iffisf; filg;gpbj;J vOjpAs;shh;.
fhe;jpabfs; ngz;fisr; r%fj; jPikfspdpd;Wk; ca;tpf;f
Kad;whh;. mth;topg; nghJ eyg;gzpia
Nkw;nfhz;lth;fs; Foe;ij kzvjph;g;gpy; <Lgl;Lk;> mgiyah;f;F tho;T je;Jk; Gul;rp
nra;jdh;. #h;ah Gul;rp nra;Ak; ghj;jpukhff; fy;fpapdhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> fy;fp ‘miyXir’apy;> rPjh fztDld; kd];jhgk; Vw;gl;L tpyfpa #o;epiyapy;
mtSf;F tho;tspf;f tpUk;;Gtjha; mtsJ je;ijaplk; $wpaNghJ> mth; mij Vw;f kWj;j
epiyapidf; fhl;b> ,Wjpapy; jdJ fztd; ,uhftd; kbapy; caph; gphpAk; epiyia
mikj;jpUf;fpwhh;. ,J ngz;fs; tho;e;j mf;fhyj;ija fhyfl;lj;jpidg;
gpujpgypf;fpwJ. rpy ,lq;fspy; Mz; kdg;ghq;F nfhz;L mikj;Js;shw;Nghy;
Njhd;WfpwJ. ‘miyXir’ ehypy; cg;Gr;rj;jpahf;fpuk; gw;wpa rpW Fwpg;G ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
cg;Gr;rj;jpahf;fpufj;jpy; ngz;fs; gyh; fye;J nfhz;Ls;sdh;. jpahfG+kpapy;
fy;fp> fijj;jiytpahd rhtpj;hp rj;jpahf;fpufg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
<LgLtjhff;fhl;Lfpwhh;. FLk;gtho;tpy; xd;Wglhj mj;jk;gjpapdh; ehl;Lf;fhfr;
rpiw nry;tjpy; xd;WgLtjhf mikj;j fy;fpapd; ehty; KbT gyuhYk; ghuhl;lg;ngw;wJ.
kdpjdpd; md;whl tho;tpy; epiwe;J fplf;Fk; NjitfisAk;>
vz;zq;fisAk; rPuhf;Fk; gd;Kf mDgtq;fis vspikahfg; gyuJ ftdj;ijAk; <h;f;Fk;
tpjj;jpy; vOJk; ty;yik nfhz;L fy;fp jkJ ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfis cUthf;fpAs;shh;.
fhe;jpak; ,jo;fs; gbg;gjhff; fy;fp ~miyXir~ ehtypy; (f];J}hpgha;
tho;f;iftuyhW> fhe;jp kfhd; fij) mikj;Js;sJ fijf;Ff; fhe;jparpe;jidfis
mspj;J nkUNfw;Wtjhf cs;sJ.
1.10.2.4 kJtpyf;F
“kJtpyf;F r%fj;JiwapYk;> ey;nyhOf;fj; JiwapYk; Xh;
mbg;gilahd rPh;jpUj;jk;” vd;fpwhh; fhe;jp. fhe;jp typAWj;Jk; kJtpyf;Fg;
gpur;rhuj;ijf; fy;fp mth;fs;> ‘tpJ}\fd; rpd;D Kjyp’> ‘rpd;dj;jk;gpAk; jpUlh;fSk;’> ‘fth;dh; tz;b’ Nghd;w fijfspy; mikj;Js;shh;.
fhe;jpaj;jpd; gpd;dzpapy; cUthd ‘kFlgjp’ ehtypy; rj;jpahf;fpufk;> kJtpyf;Fg; gpur;rhuk; Nghd;wit
fy;fpf;Nf chpj;jhd eilapy; fij nrhy;Yk; cj;jpfs;> jpBh; jpUg;gq;fs;>
fhe;jpaf; nfhs;ifis filg;gpbj;J thOk; fij ehafd; kFlgjpf;F Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fs;
vy;yhk; mikag;ngw;W thrfh;fSf;F kfpo;t+l;Lk; tpjj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; ehnlq;Fk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ fs;Sf;fil
Mjpf;fj;jhy; ehl;L kf;fspd; tho;T rpije;jJ vd;gij czh;j;Jtjhff; fijapd; Nghf;F fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ek; ehl;by; fs;
Fbf;Fk; Nghf;F gz;ilf;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. mg;gof;fj;ijf;
iff;nfhz;lth;fs; kpfTk; Fiwthdth;fshfNt ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. jd;Nky; gha Ntz;ba
fj;jp nghpaz;zd; jLj;Jtpl;ljhy; mth; Nky; gha;e;jJ. cz;ikahd mfpk;rhthjp
gpwUf;fhf jd; capiuf; nfhLf;fj; JzpAk; fhe;jpar; rpe;jidf; fUj;Jfis; kFlgjp
NgRtjhff; fy;fp mikj;Js;s ,lk; rpwg;ghdJ.
Fbntwpapdhy; jtW nra;jth;fisj; jz;bj;jth;fistplf; fs;Sf;filia
mDkjpj;jpUf;Fk; muirj; jz;bf;fNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; fUj;ij kFlgjp thapyhff; fy;fp
ntspapLfpwhh;.[xlii]
fy;fp fhe;jpapd; kPJs;s gw;wpd; fhuzkhf gbg;igj; Jwe;J xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpy;
,ize;jhh;. ,Nj epiyapy; kFlgjpapd; fij ehafidAk; gjpT nra;Js;shh;. ,e;jpah
,uz;lhtJ rj;jpahf;fpufk; Muk;gpj;j ehsd;W 1931rdthp Mwhk; Njjp fijapidj;
njhlq;fp itf;fpwhh;. Mdhy;> fhe;jpabfs; ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir khehl;by;
Njhy;tpAw;W te;J ifJ nra;ag;gl;lgpwF ,uz;lhtJ rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; 1932-Mk; Mz;by;
jhd; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1932-Mk; Mz;Lf;Fg; gjpyhf epidTg;gpioahf ~1931-Mk; Mz;L~
vdf; fy;fp Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.[xliii]
fijapd; Muk;gNk ,e;jpa ehl;L Rje;jpu tuyhw;iwg; gjpT nra;tjhfNt mikj;Js;sJ
ghuhl;LjYf;FhpaJ.
kdpjid cah;j;Jk;
fhe;jpa ,ay;Gfs; fy;fpaplk; ,Ue;jjhy; fy;fpapd; Gfo; NkNyhq;fpaJ. ,e;jpaehl;bw;F cyfstpy; kjpg;G ,Uf;fpwJ
vd;gjw;F Kjd;ikahdnjhU fhuzk; fhe;jpAk;> fhe;jpaf; nfhs;iffSk; vd;why; mJ
kpifahJ. ,e;jpah Nghd;w tsh;r;rp ngw;w ehl;bd; mikjpapd;ikf;F kJTk; xU fhuzk;.
,e;jpahtpd; gy khepyq;fspy; ,d;W kJtpyf;F mkypy; ,y;iy.,d;iwa ,isQh; rKjhaKk;
kJ mUe;Jtjhy; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapidr; rPuopj;J tUfpd;wdh;. ,t;thW ehL khwpapUg;gJ fhe;jp gpwe;j
,e;ehl;bw;Fk;> fhe;jpaf; nfhs;ifapidf; filg;gpbj;J tho;gth;fSf;Fk; khngUk; ,Of;F.
fhe;jpapd; nfhs;ifapdhy; cyfNk ,e;jpahitg; ngUikAld; ghh;j;j Afk; ,d;W jpir
khwpg; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUg;gJ tUj;jj;jpw;FhpaJ.
1.11 gz;Geyd;fs;;
tLt+uhhpd; ‘Nkdfh’ ehtiyg;ghuhl;ba fy;fp> Mghrk; vd;w ngahpy; fhkg;ghiy
tpw;gid nra;Ak; ehtiyf; fLikahff; fz;bj;jhh;. rFdk;
ghh;g;gJ> Nrhjplk; ,tw;wpy; ek;gpf;ifaw;w fy;fp> jdJ ehty;fspy; Nrhjplk;
ghh;g;gJ njhlh;ghff; fij epfo;Tfis mikj;Js;shh;. ,J rKjha kf;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; gof;f tof;fj;jpw;F
Vw;whw;Nghy; fijapid mikj;Jf; nfhz;lJ Nghy; Njhd;WfpwJ. fy;fp jkJ Jiz Mrphpah;fshd Jkpyd;> whyp> Njtd;
Nghd;Nwhiug; ghuhl;b vOjpAs;shh;. ~Njtd~; vd;w Gidngaiu Mh;.kfhNjtDf;Ff; fy;fp
#l;bdhh;.
Mde;jtpfld; Mrphpah; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;j mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhf
vOjty;y Mrphpah; FOitf; fy;fp njhpT nra;tjpy; ty;ytuha;j; jpfo;e;jhh;. jpwik ahhplk; ,Ue;jhYk; mij kdg;g+h;tkhf
tuNtw;Wg; ghuhl;Lthh;. mr;Rf;Nfhh;g;gtuhf ,Ue;j tpe;jd; xU fijapid vOjpf;
nfhLf;f> mjidg; gbj;j fy;fp mtiu cjtp Mrphpauhfr; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.
1.11.1 FUgf;jp
jkJ Kjy; Mrphpah;
ma;ahrhkp ma;ah; epidthf ‘mf];jpah;’ ngaiug; Gidngauhf Kjypy; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. Mrphpahpd; cUt
mikg;G ,Ue;jikahYk;> nghpa mwpTj; jpwidg; ghuhl;Lk; tpjkhfTk;>
mikj;;;;;;J etrf;jpapy; ‘fhyr;rf;fuk;’> ‘fhyg;Nghf;F’ vd;w gj;jpfspy; vOjpdhh;. rhuijapd; je;jpuKk; ‘mf];jpah;’ ngahpNyNa ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ‘ehl;bd; tUq;fhyg; gpui[fs; tsUkplk; Muk;gg; gs;spf;$lq;fs;.
Njr kf;fs; jPuk; kpf;f Mz; rpq;fq;fsha; tpsq;FtJk;> Nfhioj;jdk; tha;e;j
mbikfshapUg;gJk; Muk;g Mrphpah;fspd; if NtiyahFk;. ehd; ,j;jid rf;fu tl;lkhf
vOJtnjy;yhk; Xh; Muk;g Mrphpahpd; mUspdhy; jhd;. mth; ,Uf;Fk; jpf;F Nehf;fpj;
jz;lk; rkh;g;gpf;fpNwd;’ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. jkf;F cjtp nra;j FUit kwf;fhky;
fy;fp 1926y; nrd;id nrd;wjpypUe;J gzcjtp nra;J te;;jhh;.
Rj;jhde;j
ghujpahhpd; Fwpg;gpy; 1966y; ntspahd fy;fpg;gj;jphpifapd; nts;sp tpoh kyhpy;
fy;fp mtjhuk; Fwpj;Jf; fy;fpaplk; Nfl;ljw;F> mUfpy; ,Ue;j jpU.tp.f. vd;idAk;
mtUld; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ljha;f; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.[xliv]
,jd; %yk; fy;fpapd; FUgf;jp Gyg;gLfpwJ.
1.11.2; kdpjNeak;
~Nghh;fshy; tpisAk; jdp kdpj> rKjhag;
ghjpg;Gfisr; Rl;b> Nghuw;w mikjpahd rKjhak; kyu Ntz;Lk;~ vd;w Nehf;Fld; jkJ
gilg;Gfisf; fhe;jpar; rpe;jidfSld; mikj;Js;shh;.
1934 Kjy; 1948 tiuapyhd 14 Mz;Lfhy
,e;jpaj; Njrpa tuyhWk;> fhe;jpag; ngz;Zhpikr; rpe;jidfSk; ,ioNahLfpd;wd.Njr
ed;ik Fwpj;Jg; ngUkstpy; rpe;jpj;j fy;fp> ~Njr gf;jpia tpl xUtDf;F ,t;Tyfpy;
Ntz;LtJ kdpjNeak;~ vd miyNahirapy; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. urpahNgfk;> jhhpzp
Nghd;w fijkhe;jh; topNa ngz;fs; thoNtz;ba Kiwfisj; njspthf;Ffpwhh;. fLikahd
jpwdha;thsUk; vijAk; gl;lth;j;jdkhf ,bj;Jiuf;fTk; jaq;fhJ vOjpa GJikg;gpj;jd;
fy;fpAld; vOj;Jg; Nghh; nra;J te;jth;. fy;fpapd; ‘tPizgthdp’ vd;w fijapd;
%yk;> ‘N`hNshh; b ghy;rhf;’ vd;w gpnuQ;R
fjhrphpadpd; ‘Mg;guh-rpq;fh;’(ghlfp)> vd;w
fijNa vd;W $Wfpwhh; GJikg;gpj;jd;.[xlv] ‘rhuijapd; je;jpuk;’ vd;w ngahpy; gpuRukhfpAs;s fijfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit>
‘mk;Ujg[hh;’ ‘gj;jphpifapd; gpugy Mrphpauhd> fh;rhd; gpuGTf;F #L
nfhLj;j =ghG hprpFkhh; Nfh\;> ,q;fpyP]py; vOjpa “fpspk;]]; gpuk; ,e;jpad; iy/g;”
(,e;jpa tho;f;ifr; rpj;jpuq;fs;) vd;w
G];jfj;jpypUe;J jpUlg;gl;lit. jtpuTk; je;jpuj;jpYs;s ‘GJ Xth;rPah;’ vd;w fij gpNuk;re;j; vOjpad>
‘]hy;l; ,d;];ngf;lh;’ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.[xlvi]
,tuJ Vl;bf;Fg;Nghl;bapy; ngUk;ghyhd fijfs;> n[Nuhk; Nf-n[Nuhk; vOjpa ‘jphp nkd; ,d; v Nghl;’ vd;w G];jfj;jpypUe;J te;j ‘fsthzp ,yf;fpak;’ vd;W $Wfpwhh; GJikg;gpj;jd;.[xlvii]
‘fy;fpapd; GfOf;Ff;
fsq;fk; fw;gpf;Fk; tifapy; fy;fpapd; fijfs; jOty; nra;ag;gl;lit’ vdg; gpugy
vOj;jhsh;fs;; gyUk; vOjpapUe;jdh;. ,J gw;wpa jfty;fisg; gy Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF>
1965y; ntspahd gp.v];.uhikah kzptpoh kyhpy; rq;F Rg;ukzpad;> ~%tpiy Nty;’ vd;w fl;Liuapy;
tpthpj;J vOjpdhh;.[xlviii]
~fy;fp [g;ghdpaf; fijfisj; jpUb vOjpdhh;[xlix]
vd;w GJikg;gpj;jdpd; thf;Fthjj;jpw;F kWg;G njhptpj;J tho;e;j fy;fp mtuJ kiwtpd;
NghJ mth; nra;j jtwpidg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ mtuJ FLk;gj;j;pw;F cjtp nra;Js;sJ mtuJ
ngUe;jd;ikiaf; fhl;LfpwJ. khdplNeak; kpf;ftuha;g;
GJikg;gpj;jd; ,we;j gpwF mtuJ FLk;gj;Jf;F vOj;jhsh; rhh;gpy; epjpaspj;J
cah;e;jhh; fy;fp. kdpjg;gz;Gfspy;
cahpa gz;ghd
“,d;dh nra;jhiu
xWj;jy; mth;ehz
ed;dak; nra;J tply;.” vd;w ts;Sth;
thf;fpd;gb fy;fp tho;e;J fhl;bAs;shh; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.
vd;w jiyg;gpy; vOjg;gl;l fl;Liu cz;ik fye;J vOjg;gl;litahff;
fUj ,ayhJ. ,J Ma;Tf;Fhpa nra;jpahff; fUjg;gLtjw;F ,lKz;L. ,jd;%yk; fy;fp
vOjpatw;wpy; rpy jOty; fijfs; ,Ue;jd vdf; fUjyhk;.
1.11.3 eLepiyj;jd;ik
‘gpuhkz ,isQd;’ vd;w Gidngahpy; gpuhkzd; [PtNdhghaj;Jf;fhf ve;jj;
njhopiyAk; nra;jhYk; rj;jpak;> jia> gf;jp> gNuhgfhuk;>
ey;nyhOf;fk;> Kjypaitfisf; filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; jhd; kw;w [dq;fsplk; khpahij
ngw KbAk;. mt;thwpd;wpr; nrhe;j ed;ikiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; rh];jpu tpjpfis cjwpj;js;sp
tpl;L> “MdhYk;
ehd; gpuhk;kzd;> cah;e;j rhjp> vdf;F khpahij nra;” vd;W Nfl;gjdhy; tpistJ vd;d? kw;w [dq;fspd; mtkjpg;Gk;
JNt\Kk; jhd;[li]
vd;W fy;fp xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fj;jpw;Fr; nrhy;tJ Nghy; vOjpAs;shh;. ,f;fUj;J
vy;yhr; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;jf;$baJ.
jpwik cs;sth;fSf;F
kl;LNk jkJ gj;jphpifapy; ,izf;Fk; gof;fk; nfhz;ltuhd fy;fp> jkJ mk;khQ;rp
vy;.Mh;.tpRtehj rh;kh vOjpaijg; Gwf;fzpj;jhh;. gpd;dh;> vy;yhh;tp vd;w
Gidngahpy; vOjpg;gilg;Gfis mth; jkJ cwtpdh; vd;gjwpahky; jdJ gj;jphpifapy;
ntspapl;;;;;;Ls;shh;. ,J mtuJ njhopYf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
gj;jphpifj;Jiwapy;
njhopy; hPjpahfg; gy kd NtWghLfs;
t.uh.Tf;Fk;> fy;fpf;Fk; ,Ue;jhYk; ghujp kz;lgj;jpy; ele;j ghujp tpohtpw;F t.uh.itj; jiyik Vw;fr; nra;jik
fy;fpapd; ngUe;jd;ikiaf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,jd;%yk;
fy;fp cyfpy; eLepiyj;jd;ikAld; midtUk;
,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd tpUk;Gtijf;fhz ,aYfpwJ.
1.11.4 tpisahl;L
tpisahLk;
gUtj;jpy; tpisahl;by; <Lghlw;w fy;fp> jdJ kfDld; fphpf;nfl; khl;Rf;F xU
Kiw nrd;wpUe;jhh;. mt;tpisahl;ilNa jhf;fp xU fl;Liu vOjpAs;shh;.[lii]
fphpf;nfl; tpisahl;ilf; fy;fp tpUk;gtpy;iy vd;gij ,r;nra;jp fhl;LfpwJ.
Mdhy;> ky;Aj;jk; Fwpj;J tpUk;gpa nra;jp[liii]
fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkJ ehty;fspy; ky;Aj;jk; njhlh;ghd fij epfo;Tfis mikj;Js;shh;.
1.11.5 fiy Mh;tk;
nrk;kq;Fb
rPdpthra;aUf;F FbauRj;jiyth; tpUJ fpilj;j rkaj;jpy; “,irf; fiyapd;
jtg;Gjy;th;” vdf; fy;fp kFlk; #l;bdhh;. ~kPuh~ glj;jpy; fy;fp ,aw;wp vk;.v];. ghba ghly;fs; Ie;J.
fy;fpghLk; jpwd; kl;Lky;yhJ ftp ,aw;Wk; jpwd; ngw;wth; vd;gijf; fy;fp gj;jphpif
Mrphpah;. kP.g NrhK 1955 jPghtsp kyhpy; ntspapl;bUe;jhh;. NkYk; mth; ‘fy;fpapd; ghly;fs;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vOjpAs;sJk; GydhfpwJ.[liv];
vk;.vy;.tre;jFkhhp> “khak; ty;ytd; fz;zd;” vd;w xU ghliy
,irj;jl;by; gjpe;jpUf;fpwhh;.
fs;tdpd;
fhjyp -fz;Nz cdf;Fg; gak; VNdh?
rptfhkpapd;
rgjk;-kwNtd; kwNtd; vd;W
nghd;dpapd;
nrytd;-miyflYk; Xa;e;jpUf;f
ghujGz;zpag+kp-
jpahfg+kp
Nghd;wit
rpwg;ghdit vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
‘fy;fp’ jPghtsp> FbauR kyh;fspy; ~jpahfG+kp~>~kPuh~ Nghd;w
jpiug;glq;fspYk;> ~fs;tdpd;fhjyp~> ~Nrhiykiy ,sturp~> ~kapy;tpopkhd~;>
~rptfhkpapd; rgjk;~> ~nghd;dpapd; nry;td~;> ~mkujhuh~ Mfpa
ehty;fspy;-vk;.v];.Rg;Gyl;Rkp> gpNk.gl;lk;khs;> vk;.vy;.tre;jFkhhp
MfpNahuJ ,irj;jl;Lf;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s 29 ghly;fs; ~mkuh; fy;fp E}w;whz;L tpoh
kyhpy; (gf;.201-214) ‘fy;fp ftpkly;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; njhFj;Jj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
fy;fpapd; ghly;fs; midj;ijAk;> mtuJ Foe;ijfs;
,uhN[e;jpuDk;> Mde;jpAk; njhFj;jspj;Js;sdh;.[lv] fy;fp xt;nthU
fy;fp ,jopYk; jkpopir njhlh;ghd fl;Liufis ntspapl;lhh;. jkpopy; ghl Ntz;bajd;
mtrpak; gw;wpa fhurhukhd tpthjq;fs;> rh;r;irfs;> EZf;fq;fs; myrg;gl;ld.
,t;thW jkpopirf;Ff; fy;fp kpFe;j Nrit nra;jpUf;fpwhh;. “,irj;jkpopd;
jpwikia ,aw;wkpohy; vLj;Jf;fhl;ba ngUik fy;fp xUtUf;Nf cz;L.”[lvi] vd;w ngUikAk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fy;tpg; gs;spf;$lq;fspy; vy;yhk;
ngz;fSf;Fg; gujehl;bak; gapy;tpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W mth; Nahrid $wp> ntFthd
vjph;g;gpdpilNa gpurhuk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mtUila Nahridiaf; fy;fp MNkhjpj;J
vOjpdhh;.[lvii]
guj ehl;baj;jpy; cw;rhfk; fhl;b fy;fp jkJ
kfs; Mde;jpf;Fg; gujf;fiyiaf; fw;gpf;f Vw;ghL nra;jhh;. gujf;fiy Fwpj;j
fy;fpapd; fUj;Jfshf Madr;rpw;gpapd; ghj;jpug;gilg;G tbtj;jpy; ntspte;jJ.[lviii]
gf;jpfye;j ,ir Fwpj;j nra;jpfis ~nghd;dpapd; nry;td;’ ehtypYk; (Kjy;
ghfk;> mj;.12)> ‘fs;tdpd; fhjyp’apYk;
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. ,t; Ma;Tr; nra;jpfs; fy;fp ,ir> gujk; Nghd;w fiyfspd;
kPJ nfhz;Ls;s <Lghl;bidf; fhl;Ltjhf mikfpwJ.
1.11.6 md;Gs;sk;
1924 Vg;uy; khjj;jpy;> jpUr;rpapy; ele;j
fhq;fpu]; kfhehl;by; jpU.tp.f fye;J nfhz;l NghJ> mtUf;Ff; fha;r;ry; te;J
tpl;lJ. mg;NghJ jkf;Ff; fy;fp> kw;wth;fSld; gzptpil nra;jij jkJ “tho;f;iff;
Fwpg;Gfs;” E}ypy; ghuhl;b vOjpAs;shh;.[lix]
1.11.7 Cf;Ftpf;Fk;
kdg;ghd;ik
,isQh;fis
Cf;Ftpf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ik nfhz;lth; fy;fp.
tl;lj;njhl;bapy;
mwpKfkhd kP.g NrhKit cw;rhfg;gLj;jp> mtUila Kjy; fijahd re;jphpifapd;
rNfhjuid Mde;jtpfldpy; ntspapl;lhh;. ,th; mspj;j cw;rhfKk;> ghuhl;Lk;
kP.g.NrhK rhfpj;jpamfhjkp tpUJ thq;Fk; msT nra;jJ. fy;fpf;Fg; gpd;
gj;jphpifMrphpauhfr; rpyfhyk; gzpGhpe;jhh;. fy;fp ‘gp.V Njit’ rpWfij vOjpa xU
rhiy khzf;fuhd Jkpyd; mth;fis
Mde;jtpfldpy; mwpKfk; nra;jhh;. nfhf;fpuFsk; Rfp.Rg;gpukzpaj;jpd; Kjy;
vOj;JKaw;rp ‘Viofspd; Njhzp’ fijapidf; fy;fp
ntspapl;lhh;. vOj;jhsh; yl;Rkp mth;fspd; Kjy; fijiaf; fy;fp Mde;jtpfldpy;
ntspapl;lhh;.
1.12 jkpo; ,yf;fpar;
rpwg;Gg; gzp
jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gjpg;gpj;j lhf;lh;.
c.Nt.rhkpehja;aUf;Fj; ‘jkpo;j;jhj;jh’ vdg; gl;lk;
#l;b> ‘vd; rhpj;jpuk;’ ntspahtjw;F
Kaw;rpAk; nra;jth; fy;fp. jkpo; vOj;jhsh; ,af;fk; epWtp jiyikg; nghWg;ig Vw;W
elj;jpdhh;. jkpo;j;jhj;jhtpd; Ratuyhw;iw 1940 Gj;jhz;L ,jopy; thuk; Xh;
mj;jpahakhf ntspapLk;gbf; fy;fp nra;jhh;.mth; Mde;jtpfldpypUe;J tpyfpaNghJk;
me;jr; Rarhpjk; 1942 Nk khjk; c.Nt.rh kiwT tiu te;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.122
mj;jpahaq;fs; nfhz;l ‘vd; rhpj;jpuk’; Gj;jfj;ij mtuJ
Fkhuh; fy;ahzRe;juka;ah;> KfTiuapy;> fy;fp Nkw;nfhz;l
Kaw;rpfisg;ghuhl;bAs;shh;. fy;fpapd; gilg;Gfs;> Mde;jtpfld;> fy;fp>
fiykfs;> Fkhpkyh;> re;jpNuhjak;> Rje;jpud;> Rje;jpur;rq;F>
RNjrp> RNjrkpj;jpud;> etrf;jp> tpNkhrdk;> nts;spkzp Nghd;w gy
,jo;fspYk; ntspte;Js;sd. fy;fpapd; vOj;Jfs;; ,jo;fs; topahf kf;fspd; uridf;Fj;
jFe;jhw;Nghy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1.12.1 nkhopngah;g;G
Mq;fpyj;ijj;
jkpohf;Fk; jpwd; fy;fp gd;dpuz;L> gjpd; %d;W tajpypUe;Nj gapd;W
te;jpUe;jhh;. ‘`pe;J’ gj;jphpifapy;
tUk; Njrpaj; jiy;th;fspd; nrhw;nghopTfisAk;> nra;jpfisAk; jkJ fpuhk
kf;fSf;Fr; nrhy;ypr; nrhy;ypAk;> gpd;dh; vOjp vOjpg;ghh;j;Jk;>
nkhopngah;g;Gf;fiyapy; Njh;r;rp ngw;wpUe;jhh;. fy;fp kfhj;khtpd; Rarhpijiaj;
jkpohf;fk; nra;J etrf;jpapy; ntspapl;lhh;. ‘ifuhl;il mjd;
rhpj;jpuKk; Gj;JapUk;’>
(v];.tp.Gzjhk; Ngf;fh;> vd;.v];.tujhr;rhhp mfpy ,e;jpa rh;f;fh rq;fj;jpd;
jpUg;g+h; fhhpahyak;> 1972> nkhj;j gf;fq;fs; 172) ‘Atghujk; my;yJ ,e;jpa
Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; tuyhW’>
(yhyhy[gjpuha;> nkhj;j gf;fq;fs; 364> K.g. 1937> g+.r.Fkhurhkp>
,.g. nrd;id kq;fs E}yfk; 1957)>
‘ekJ jha;ehL’ Nghd;w Mq;fpy E}y;fisAk; jkpohf;fk; nra;Js;shh;. jh$h; vOjpa ehtiyj; jOtpg; ~G+e;Njhl;lk;~ vd;w ehty;
Mde;jtpfldpy; fy;fp ntspapl;lhh;. kfhj;kh fhe;jp vOjpa fl;Liufis
,uh.fpUl;bz%h;j;jp nkhop ngah;j;J ‘Rje;jpur;rq;F’ gj;jphpif
Mrphpauhd v];.fNzrd; ‘rj;jpa Nrhjid’ vd;w ngahpy;
ntspapl;lhh;. (1927 Kjy; ghfk;> 1932 ,uz;lhk; ghfk;) ,uz;lhk; ghfk; ntspahd
NghJ ,uh.fpUl;bz%h;j;jp etrf;jpia tpl;L tpyfpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
1934Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp khjj;jpy; mz;zy; jpUr;nrq;Nfhl;bw;F tUif Ghpe;j NghJ mtuJ
Ngr;rpid nkhop ngah;f;Fk; #o;epiy fy;fpf;F Vw;gl;lJ.
1.13 fy;fpapd;
ngUik
fy;fp Mde;jtpfldpy; gzpahw;wpa NghJ>
gpurz;ltpfldpy; Mrphpauhf ,Ue;j ehuz.Jiuf;fz;zd; gy nghJ epfo;r;rpfspYk;>
khehLfspYk; fy;fpia Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpg; ngUikg;gLj;jpdhh;;. jkpo; vOj;jhsh;rq;fr;
nrd;idf; fpisf;Ff; fy;fpiaj; jiytuhf epWj;jpaNghJ> khepyj;jiytuhf ,Ue;j
Jiuf;fz;zd; vOj;jhsh; gyiu mZfpf; fy;fpf;F MjuT jpul;bdhh;. fy;fp vOjf;
fUjpapUe;j ,uhrhrpapd; tho;f;if tuyhw;W E}Yf;F Kd;Ng Jiuf;fz;zd; vOjpa E}y;
ntspte;jJ. vOj;jhsh;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; vz;zpylq;fh khWjy; tUtJ ,ay;G.
gj;jphpifj; Jiwf;F chpj;jhd Nghf;Fld; fy;fpapd; tpkhprdq;fs; njspthfTk;>
kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;jpid cah;j;Jk; tifapYk; mike;jpUe;jd.
“gz;bjh;fs;
goq;fhyj;Jr; nrhw;fisj; Njbg;gpbj;J mitfisg; Nghl;Lj;jhd; vOJthh;fs;. mth;fs;
vOJtijg; gbf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; Xh; mfuhjpg; Gj;jfKk; mkph;jhQ;rdk; xU Gl;bAk;
mUfpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;” vd;Wk; “fy;fp
vOJfpwhNu> jkpo;@ mJty;yth jkpo;” vd;W b.Nf.rp
ghuhl;bdhh;. midj;J kf;fisAk; jkJ gilg;ghw;wyhy; kdq;fth;e;j fy;fpia b.Nf.rp. ‘xU E}jd rpq;fhu
rpU\;b’ vd;fpwhh;. jiyKiw fle;J jkpofj;J thrfh;fshy; ,g;NghJ
gbf;fg;gLk;> ghJfhf;fg;gLk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfs; - ‘nghd;dpapd;
nry;td;’> ‘miyXir’> ‘rptfhkpapd; rgjk;’
(mwe;ij ehuhazd;> rpdpkhTf;Fg; Nghd ,yf;fpathjpfs;>
jpdkzpfjph; 27-10-1996) vd;W mwe;ij
ehuhazd; Nghw;Wk; GfOf;Fhpath; fy;fp.
jpdkzp fjph; Mrphpah; “rhtp” Ngl;b xd;wpy; “fy;fpiag; gw;wp
cq;fs; mgpg;gpuhak; vd;d?” vd;W
Nfl;ljw;F> “ey;y vOj;jhsh;. Mde;jtpfld;Ny mth;
vOjpa jiyaq;fk; vy;yhk; fhq;fpuRf;Fg; nghpa gyk; Njbf; nfhLj;jJ” vdg; ghuhl;bdhh;.
fy;fpapd; fUj;Jfshy; ftug;gl;Lk;> mth; fijfshy; <h;f;fg;gl;Lk;
nghd;dpapd; nry;tdpd; ngz; fijj;jiyikg;ghj;jpukhd thdjpapd; ngaiuj; jkJ
epWtdj;jpw;F itj;jth; jpUehTf;fuR. Mz; fjhghj;;jpuq;fspd; ngah;fis tplg;
ngz;fspd; fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; ngah;fis kf;fs; md;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs;
jq;fs; Foe;ijfSf;Fr; #l;b kfpo;e;jdh;. gilg;gpd; juj;ij Muha;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf>gilg;ghspia
Muha;tJk; jhf;FtJk; ngUfp tUfpwJ. kiwe;j vOj;jhsu;>f.eh.R mtu;fs; vOj;jhsu;
fy;fpia “
fy;fpapd; vOj;jpy; jdpj;jd;ik ,y;iy. mtUila vOj;Njhtpaq;fis ,yf;fpag;gilg;Gfs;
vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ”
vd;W $wpAs;shu;.(kf;fs; ,yf;fpaKk;>jpwdha;Tg;Nghf;FfSk;; rpy ghu;itfs;>
g.Mrpupau;fs;.jp.jahde;jd; gpuhd;rp];>];tPl;ypd; gpughfud;>Kjy;
gjpg;G.khu;r;.1998.>g.84) “kfhtp\;Ztpd; gj;jhtJ mtjhuj;jpd; ngaiug; Gidngauhff; nfhz;l
fy;fpia xU ,yl;rpag; gj;jphpfhrphpauhf vz;Ztjpy; jtwpy;iy”[lx] vd;Dk; f.eh.R $w;W ,tz; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.f.ehR
gj;jpupifAyfpid ntw;wp nfhz;l fy;fpapidg;ghuhl;bapUe;jhYk;> jkpOzu;tpid
vz;zj;jpy; nfhz;L eLepiyAld; fy;fpapd; jkpopid Muha;e;J $wpatpjk; mf;fhyj;ija
jpwdha;Tg;Nghf;fpid mwpa ,aYfpwJ.
1.14 njhz;Ls;sk;
‘jkpo; gpNuk;re;j;’ vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;l fy;fpapd; tuyhW gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis
vOJtjw;F cjtpaha; ,Ue;jth;fs; Fwpj;J Re;jh Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.[lxi]
<oNfrhp Mrphpah; uh[mhpuj;jpdk; vOjpa ‘fy;fp gpwe;jhh;’ E}y; fy;fpapd;
Vw;wk; ciuf;fpwJ.
fhe;jpabfspd; kPJnfhz;Ls;s gf;jpia
ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; fhe;jpabfSf;F kzpkz;lgk; fl;Lk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;Lk;
ngUk; epjpapidr; Nrh;j;jspj;jhh;. Xtpah; kzpaj;ijf; nfhz;L “fhe;jp kz;lgk;” glk; tiuar; nra;J
23-05-1954 fy;fp ,jo; ml;ilapy; mjid ntspapl;lhh;. fy;fpapdJ ngUKaw;rpahy;
fhe;jp kz;lgk; nrd;idapy; vOe;jJ. kfhj;khtpd;
m];jpf;fyrk; xd;iwj; jkJ mYtyf miw xd;wpy; topgl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;.[lxii]
nrd;idapy; fhe;jpkz;lgk; mika jPtpu <Lghl;Lld; fy;fp cioj;jhh;. mtuJ
,wg;gpw;Fg;gpwF> 1956 [dthp 27k; Njjp> ijg;g+rj;jpUehspy; fhe;jpkz;lgj;ijj;
jpU.,uhrhrp mth;fs; jpwe;J itj;jhh;. cly;eyk;
rhpapy;yhj epiyapYk;> 1947y; njd;ghz;b ehl;by; ele;j mhprd Myag;gpuNtrj;jpy;
fye;J nfhz;lhh;. cly;eyk;
rhpapy;yhj Neuj;jpy; fy;fp> mf;Nlhgh;31 nrd;id thndhyp epiyak; xypgug;gpa ‘fs;tdpd; fhjyp’ ehlfj;ij urpj;Jf; Nfl;lhh;. 1954 QhapW brk;gh;5 jd;Dila
jhahhpd; tUiff;fhff; fhj;jpUe;jth; mth; tUtjw;F Kd;dNu jdJ ,d;Dapiu ePj;jhh;. mtuJ
kiwtpidg; gy gj;jphpiffSk; tUj;jk; njhptpj;jpUe;jd.
1.15 njhFg;Giu
,yf;fpa cyfpy;
rpwg;gplk; tfpf;Fk; fy;fp mwpKfk; Fwpj;J Muha;e;jjpy; fPo;tUk; Gjpa fUj;Jfs;
,t;Ma;Ntl;by; Ma;thsuhy; $wg;ngw;Ws;sd. fy;fpapd;
cah;Tf;F ciog;G> mwpT> jahs Fzk;> tplhKaw;rp Nghd;wit caph; ehbahf
,Ue;jd.
gilg;ghsd; tho;e;j fhyr;#oypy; epfo;e;j
vy;yh epfo;TfSk; ve;j gilg;ghsidAk; ghjpf;Fk;. ,g;ghjpg;gpy; jd; nfhs;if>
mDgtk;> czh;r;rp> fw;gid> Fwpf;Nfhs; ,tw;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpwhd;.
,j;jifarKjha czh;TlDk;> flikAlDk;> tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l czh;r;rpiag; gjpT
nra;jYk; vdf; fy;fp jkJ gilg;Gfis mikj;Jf;
nfhz;Ls;shh;. fhe;jpaf;
nfhs;iffisj; jdJ %r;rhff; nfhz;L tho;e;j fy;fpapd; gilg;Gfs;
ehl;Lg;gw;wpidAk;> ngz;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; Fwpj;Jk; mike;jpUe;jd. ngz;fSila Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F ,tUila vOj;Jfs;
jpwk;glg;
gad;gl;Ls;sd.; 'mJ xU nghw;fhyk;' vd;w fp uhN[e;jpudpd; E}iyahtJ gbg;gtHf;Ff;;
jfty;fs; fpilf;ff; $Lk;vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.(http://engalblog.blogspot.in/2010/12/blog-post_05). tho;f;ifapd;
Fwpf;Nfhs; kfpo;r;rpNaad;wp Mlk;gu tho;f;if my;y. ~vspa tho;f;if> cah;e;j
rpe;jid vd;w fhe;jpa newpiag; gpd;gw;wp tho;e;jth; fy;fp~ vd;gJ fy;fpapd;
tho;tpd; %yk; GydhfpwJ.
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